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Mehnaz Zainab
PIEAS

COURSE CONTENTS OF FUNCTIONAL

ENGLISH
1.    Introduction to Parts of Speech

2.    Sentence structure and use of types of sentences

3.    Tenses, Active Passive, Conditionals and Direct

Indirect narration

4.    Types of writing paragraphs and essays

5.    Use of Articles, Possessives, Prepositions and

Punctuation

6.    Vocabulary and Comprehension

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TYPES OF VERBS
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PIEAS
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What is a Verb?

• A verb is a part of speech (or word class) that

describes an action or occurrence or indicates a
state of being
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Types of Verbs
• There are various types of verbs for different
types of situations

• Auxiliary verbs and Lexical Verbs

• Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbs
• Finite Verbs and Nonfinite Verbs
• Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs
• Transitive Verbs and Intransitive
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What is an Auxiliary Verb?

• A verb (such as have, do, or will) that
determines the mood, tense, or aspect of another
verb in a verb phrase

• Auxiliary verbs always precede main verbs

within a verb phrase

• Auxiliaries are also known as helping verbs

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Examples Auxiliary Verbs

• "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."
(Isaac Newton)

• "A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds."

(Sir Francis Bacon)

• "We are all worms, but I do believe I am a glowworm."

(Winston Churchill)

• "In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of
people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move."
(Douglas Adams)
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Auxiliary Verbs
• "The auxiliary verbs of English are the
following:

▫ can, may, will, shall, must, ought, need,

dare [modals]

▫ be, have, do, use [non-modals]

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Using Auxiliary Verbs

• The verbs be, have, do, and go are irregular

• They may combine with other verbs to express tense and other
grammatical information, as in:
• He is jogging, He has jogged, He is going to jog

• To avoid repeating words from a previous clause or sentence

we use an auxiliary verb (be, have, can, will, would, etc.)
instead of a whole verb group:
• She says she's finished, but I don't think she has. (instead
of . . . has finished.)
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What are Lexical Verbs?

• Any verb in English that is not an auxiliary verb.
Also known as a main verb

• "Examples of lexical verbs are arrive, see,

walk, be, do, etc.

• They carry a real meaning and are not

dependent on another verb
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Dynamic and Stative Verbs

• Dynamic verb: A verb used primarily to indicate
an action, process, or sensation as opposed to a state

• There are three major types of dynamic verbs:

1) accomplishment verbs (expressing action that has a
logical endpoint),
2) achievement verbs (expressing action that occurs
instantaneously),
3) activity verbs (expressing action that can go on for
an indefinite period of time).
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Stative Verbs
• A stative verb (such as be, have, know, like,
own, and seem) describes a state, situation, or
condition:
• "Now I own a Mercedes.“

• Stative verbs usually don't occur in the

progressive tense or the imperative mood
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Examples Stative Verbs

• "I hate quotations. Tell me what you know."
(Ralph Waldo Emerson)

• The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their

dreams."
(Eleanor Roosevelt)

• Some verbs belong to both Dynamic and Stative) categories but with
distinct meanings, as with have in:

• She has red hair

• She is having dinner

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Finite and Nonfinite Verbs

• A form of a verb that shows agreement with a
subject and is marked for tense

• If there is just one verb in a sentence, it is finite

• Finite verbs are sometimes called tensed verbs

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Finite Verb
• The base, third person singular, and past tense are
finite forms of verbs because they can be contrasted
for tense (present and past), and marked for person (1st,
2nd, and 3rd) and number (singular and plural)

I drive a car. [1st person, singular, present tense]

He drives a car. [3rd person, singular. present tense]

I/he drove a car. [1st and 3rd person, singular, past

tense]
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Finite Verb
• Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate
time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated

• Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the
present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he
coughs; celebrate, she celebrates.

▫ Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as
can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.

▫ Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are
asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?
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Nonfinite Verb
• A nonfinite verb (an infinitive or participle)
doesn't show a distinction in tense and can occur
on its own only in a dependent phrase or clause:

• "While walking to school, she spotted a pigeon.“

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Nonfinite Verb: The Infinitive

• A verbal--usually preceded by the particle to--that can function as a noun, an adjective, or
an adverb

• "It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it
and remove all doubt."
(Mark Twain)

• "Half our life is spent trying to find something to do with the time we have rushed
through life trying to save."
(Will Rogers)

• "To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society."
(President Theodore Roosevelt)

• "An enormous relief had come upon us now that the job was done. One felt an impulse to
sing, to break into a run, to snigger."
(George Orwell, “ A Hanging,”1931)
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Nonfinite Verb: The Participle

• A verbal that functions as an adjective

• Present Participles end in -ing (carrying,

sharing, tapping).

• Past Participles of regular verbs end in -ed

(carried, shared, tapped).
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Nonfinite Verb: The Participle

• A present participle attributes a quality of action to the
noun, which is viewed as undertaking the action, as
retreating of legs

• . . . the cripple's envy at his straight, retreating legs

• A past participle views the noun as having undergone the

action expressed by the participle, as prefabricated of
buildings

• various prefabricated buildings

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Nonfinite Verb: The Present Participle

• "Drawing on my fine command of the English
language, I said nothing."
(Robert Benchley)

• "The ducks come on swift, silent wings, gliding

through the treetops as if guided by radar,
twisting, turning, never touching a twig in that
thick growth of trees that surrounded the lake."
(Jack Denton Scott, "The Wondrous Wood Duck")
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Nonfinite Verb: The Past Participle

• "One January day, thirty years ago, the little town of Hanover,
anchored on a windy Nebraska tableland, was trying not to be blown
away.
(Willa Cather, O Pioneers!)

• "I believe in broken, fractured, complicated narratives, but I believe in

narratives as a vehicle for truth, not simply as a form of entertainment."
(Stephen Greenblatt)

• "I'm always amazed that people will actually choose to sit in front of the
television and just be savaged by stuff that belittles their intelligence."
(Alice Walker)
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Regular and Irregular Verbs

• A regular verb (also known as a weak verb)
forms its past tense and past participle by adding
-d or -ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form:
• "We finished the project."

• An irregular verb (also known as a strong

verb) doesn't form the past tense by adding -d or
-ed:
• "Gus ate the wrapper on his candy bar."
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• A transitive verb is followed by a direct object:
"She sells hats.“

• An intransitive verb doesn't take a direct object:

• "He sat there quietly."

• Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive:

• "He studied Physics all day.“
• "He studied all day."
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Causative and Catenative Verbs

• Causative verbs such as cause, allow, help, have,
enable, keep, hold, let, force, require, and make--
used to indicate that some person or thing helps to
make something happen.

• "I've forced them into confessing that they're sad."

(Dylan Thomas)

• "Art is the lie that enables us to realize the truth."

(Pablo Picasso)
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Catenative (chain verbs)

• Verbs such as keep, promise, want, seem, and many
others--that can link with other verbs to form a chain or
series.

• "All our discontents about what we want appeared to

spring from the want of thankfulness for what we have."
(Daniel Defoe)

• "We decided to try to rent a house near the sea."

• " She seems to want to stop trying to avoid meeting him."

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Modal Auxiliaries
• Modal auxiliaries include the following modals:

• Can, could; will, would; shall, should; may,

might; be able to; must; have to; ought to; dare;
need to
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Modals
• Can, could are used for ability, polite request

• Will, would are used for certainty, polite request

• May, might are used for possibility, permission

• Must, have to indicate necessary action

• Should, ought to indicate obligation