ASANSKA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DESIGN

AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF DIGITAL MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION

UNIT 5
Language and Communication

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Agenda Style
1 Language and Communication

Integrating information into es-

2 says

Quoting, paraphrasing, and

3 summarising

Why use quotations, paraphrase,

4 and summaries?

Steps to follow when quoting, summarising

5 and paraphrasing
 Language and
Communication
MARTIN THOMPSON NTEM
Welcome!!
MARTIN THOMPSON NTEM
Language and Communication

• Language is the primary means of communication.

• Communication is a complex process involving the sender

(speaker/writer) of a message, the message, the channel
used to transmit the message, and the receiver (audience)
of the message.

• One of the most important aspects of communication is

understanding.
• Two factors that aid understanding are language and
culture.
INTEGRATING INFORMATION INTO ESSAYS

• When writing an essay on a given or chosen subject or

topic, it is expected that you do some reading on the issue
to see what others have said about it.

• You can then incorporate the relevant information you

discover through your readings into your writing to
strengthen your work.

• The techniques used to achieve this are quoting,

paraphrasing, and summarising.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarising

• Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarising, what are the dif-

ferences?

• These three ways of incorporating other writers' works into

your own writing differ according to the closeness of your
writing to the source writing. Here is first a summary of
these three techniques and the differences among them.
Quoting

• Quoting is reproducing the exact words of the source

marked by quotation marks. The quoted material must be
identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the
source. They must match the source document word for
word and must be attributed to the original author.

• E.g. “the world of physics is essentially the real world

construed by mathematical abstractions, and the world of
sense is the real world construed by the abstractions which
the sense-organs immediately furnish” (Langer, 1941).
Guidelines for using quotations

• Use quotations from authorities in the area of your research

or write up to support your ideas.
• Select quotations that fit your message
• Choose a quotation only if
• Its language is particularly appropriate or distinctive.
• Its idea is particularly hard to paraphrase accurately.
• The authority of the source is especially important to
support your material.
• The source’s words are open to more than one interpret-
ation, so that the reader needs to see the original.
• Use quotation marks to set off your quotes to avoid plagiarism.
Guidelines for using quotations

• In the area of communication, you quote to enhance the

following in your work:
• Authority
• Credibility
• Proof, support, or evidence
• Etc.
Paraphrasing

• Paraphrases involve a detailed restatement of someone’s

statement expressed in your own words and in your own
sentence structure.

• A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source.

Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original
passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source
and condensing it slightly.
Tips for effective paraphrasing

• Present or say what the source says, but no more.

• Use your own words and sentence structure to restate the
message.
• If some words are unique or awkward, quote them — but
quote sparingly.
• Be sure not to distort the original text.
• Your material is expected to be about as long as or even
longer than the original.
• Avoid plagiarism
Summarising

• Summarising aims to reduce information to a suitable

length, allowing the writer to condense lengthy sources into
a concise form.

• To paraphrase is to change the wording of a text so that it is

significantly different from the original source, without
changing the meaning.

• Both are needed to avoid the risk of plagiarism.

Tips for effective summary

• A first quick read. This should make you aware of the focus
of the text.
• Note-making. Hope you remember our lecture on
note-making
• Writing a first draft. Write your first draft from your notes and
do not refer to the original text.
• Checking your word-count and editing to stay within the
word limit you’ve been given.
• Writing your final draft.
Why use quotations, paraphrases, and
summaries?

• To provide support for claims or add credibility to your

writing
• To refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
• To give examples of several points of view on a subject
• To call attention to a position that you wish to agree or
disagree with
• To highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or
passage by quoting the original
• To distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to
cue readers that the words are not your own
• To expand the breadth or depth of your writing
Example

• In his famous and influential work On the Interpretation of

Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal
road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded
imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process
known as the "dream work" (page #). According to Freud,
actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and
subjected to coding through layers of condensation and dis-
placement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the
dream itself (p. #s).
Steps to follow when quoting, summarising
and paraphrasing

• Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
• Summarise in your own words what the single main idea of
the essay is.
• Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the
essay.
• Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you
believe should be quoted directly.
Reporting verbs and critical voice

• The following are useful verbs you can employ to integrate

outside sources (through quoting, paraphrasing and
summarising) into your work.
• These verbs help you to provide your personal analysis of
the outside source you are using, thereby giving your work a
critical voice:

• analyse, complain, explain, note, argue, concede, find,

observe, assert, conclude, illustrate, opine, claim, consider,
insist, offer, comment, describe, maintain, point out, report,
reveal, say, see, show, speculate, suggest, think, suppose,
write, ask etc.
Thank you
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