Master Course 2015/15

Inclinometer Application

• Height detection with different sensors

 Measurement object

Reference measurement with TOPCON Digital Construction Level. Accuracy dH ≈ 0,1mm

 Top View of Rail with vertical Curve

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Orthodromic_air_route.tif
Using the machine level (devision degree)

Built-in glass circle

Hardened ground panel

Resolution: 0,1 arcmin

Tubelarlevel: 30“
Using the MEMS; SBG France, devision
m/s^2

Built-in glass circle

Hardened ground panel

Resolution: 0,1 arcmin

Tubelarlevel: 30“
For small areas we are working
2D = in a horizontal plane

Works in most deformation

monitoring

Is not working in precise levelling

Inclinometer
&
Inclination

The inclination α is the angle between the

horizontal axis A-A and the inclined axis B-B

B
plumb line
α
A A

B
Vials, levels
• Spirit levels
(1) Tubelar levels
(2) Circular -, bubble levels

• Electronical levels
(1) Pendelum type
(2) Liquid systems
(3) Servo systems
Definitions
2mm = 1 pars
Pars = ligne Paris= ´Pariser Linie´
= 2,256mm

Since approx. 1920: 1 Pars = 2mm

In Germany:
Old levels: etched division (depression in the glass)
New levels: screen printing (sublime)

The ´Libellenangabe´= level indication is the angle amount

by which the level has to be inclined to obtain a bubble
amount of 2 mm.
Design of inclinometers

• Historical designs
• Machinist´s level
• Coincidence level
• Geodesy
• Adjustable fixing
• Tilt level
• Hanging lebel = Hängelibelle
• Chamber level = Kammerlibelle
• compensators
• Elektronical levels
Cut radius of tubelar levels
20“= 0,1 mm/m Macanical Engineering etc. definition
mm/m
1“ = 5µm/m

α= 5“ 20“ 45“

R= 82,5m 20,6m 9,2m

Tubelar level

R = cut radius in m

2mm = 1 pars
Tubelar level
Machine level on precision granite table
Beispiel Dosenlibelle
Beispiel Röhrenlibelle
Spezielle Justierung
´Electronicalized´ Level
Quelle: Leica whitepaper
Quelle: Leica whitepaper
Quelle: Leica whitepaper
gravity In vector description with the true
gravity g and the measured
& acceleration a, the inclination α
can be found by:
Inclination α = arcsin(a/g)

B Sensor input axis B - B

Horizontal A - A
α
A A

Gravity vector g α

B
a = g * sin α
Other sensors
+ MEMS

-Micro-electronic-mechanic-sensor

-3 axis accelerometer
-3 axis angular rate sensor
-3 axis magnetic field sensor
+
-GPS multichannel antenna/receiver
-Altimeter/Barometer
-Camera
Other sensors
+ MEMS

+ SMARTPHONE