9.

STANDARD RESULTS
Population Dynamics
IN INTEGRATION
Over-population and

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under-population

AS-Level Maths: Core 1 for Edexcel Tim Chen

 Revision

CONTENTS
factors of population
growth
 What have we learned?

• Reasons for:
• high birth rate: economic, cultural & social, religious, demographic
• falling death rate: economy development
• high death rate: naturally & unnaturally

• Migration:
• Emigration and immigration/in-migration
• net migration: calculation
• population growth: calculation
• Homework!
 Introduction

CONTENTS
over-population and
under-population
 Definition

1. Over-population

• Definition: a(n) area/country where there are too many people to be supported
to a good standard of living by the resources.
 Definition

2. Under-population

• Definition: a(n) area/country where there are too few people to use all the
resources to maximum efficiency.
 Definition

3. Question?

Borderline between Mexico

and the US

Mexico side (Over-population) The US side (Under-population)

Birth rate 👆 👇
Death rate 👇 👆
Natural increase of 👆 👇
population
Net migration − (emigration) + (immigration/in-migration)
 Case Study

CONTENTS
Bangladesh
 Case Study: Bangladesh

1. Introduction
Basic impressions:
1. Area?
#92, ≈Liaoning
2. Population?
#8, ≈4×Liaoning,
density?
3. Plains and deltas?
Primitive agriculture
4. Over- or under-
population?
 Case Study: Bangladesh

2. Main causes
(1) Economic reasons

• Rapid population growth on the fertile plains: over 80% of area.

• Reliance on farming: 45% farmers, industries unprofitable.

(2) Religious reasons

• Muslim majority: birth encouragement.

(3) Cultural & social reasons

• Gender perspective.
 Case Study: Bangladesh

3. Consequences

• Low GDP per capita (#136).

• Poor standard of living
• Under-employment
• Low wages and poverty

• Lack of sufficient schools and hospitals.

• Poor literacy (~75%) and health care (infant mortality).

• Land use change: over-cultivation & deforestation.

• Urban problems: Traffic congestion & overcrowded housing.
 Case Study

CONTENTS
Australia
 Case Study: Australia

1. Introduction
Basic impressions:
1. Area?
#6, ≈80% of China
2. Population?
#52, ≈Xinjiang,
density (#210)
3. Diverse terrain?
Various land use.
4. Over- or under-
population?
 Case Study: Australia

2. Main causes

• Variety of industries: extensive agriculture, mining,

solar and wind power.
• Resources are plentiful enough to support important
exports.
• Quality education system: high literacy.
• Comprehensive health care for all: infant & elderly.
• Low death rates and birth rates give a minor natural
population increase.
 Case Study: Australia

3. Consequences

• Shortage of working-age population:

• tax increased, insufficient elderly care
• small market, hard to promote industrial
growth

• Attraction of immigrants

• Basic items need/rely on imports

• Countries’ balance of payments
affected
 Homework

• 1. What is your impression on the population status in your

hometown? Discuss the situation and the reasons behind it.