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NON-METALLIC DENTURE BASE MATERIAL F
NON-METALLIC DENTURE BASE MATERIAL F
BASE MATERIAL
Dr Farhan K Shah
CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Disadvantages of earlier denture base materials
Polymers
-Definition and use
-Chemistry-Addition polymerization
Requisites for dental resins
-Biological compatibility
-Physical properties
-Manipulation
-Aesthetic properties
-Economic consideration
-Chemical stability
Types of denture base resins
1 Conventional heat cured Polymethyl methacrylate
2 Cold cure /Autopolymerizing Polymethyl methacrylate (Pour resins).
3 High impact –resistant Acrylic
4 Injection molded polymers
5 Rapid heat polymerized polymers
6 Microwave- Polymerized polymers
7Light activated polymers
8 Fiber Reinforced polymer
Review of literature
Recent advancement
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Upper and lower teeth fit poorly and were held together by steel
springs.
Disadvantages
-warped and cracked in moisture
-esthetic and hygienic challenges
-degradation in oral environment
Wooden denture believed to be carved out of box wood in 1538 by Nakoka Tei a Buddist priestess
Wooden dentures
Bone
Carved ivory upper denture retained in the mouth by springs with natural human teeth cut off at the
Neck and riveted at the base.
Since ancient times the most
common material for false teeth
were animal bone or
ivory,especially from elephants or
hippopotomus.
Waterloo dentures
George washington’s last dental prosthesis. The palate was swaged from a sheet of gold and ivory teeth riveted
To it.The lower denture consists of a single carved block of ivory. The two dentures were held togther by steel
Springs.
In 1839 an important development took place CHARLES GOODYEAR
discovered VULCANIZATION of natural rubber with sulphur(30%) and was
patented by Hancock in england in 1843.
. They proceeded to license dentists who used their material, and charged a royalty
for all dentures made. Dentists who would not comply were sued.
The Goodyear patents expired in 1881, and the company did not again seek to
license dentists or dental products.
Vulcanite dentures were very popular until the 1940s, when acrylic denture bases
replaced them.
A set of vulcanite dentures worn by Gen. John J.
(Blackjack) Pershing, commander of the American
Expeditionary Forces in France during the First World
War
Disadvantages
It absorbs Saliva and becomes unhygienic due to
bacterial proliferation.
Esthetics were poor.
Dimensionally unstable.
Objectionable taste and odor
2. Celluloid
Although it was having tissue like color but
having principal disadvantages like
Disadvantages
Lack of stability
Unpleasant taste
Unpleasant odor
Stainability
Flammable
3. Bakelite
It was formed by heating and compressing a
mixture of phenol and formaldehyde.
Disadvantages
Lack of uniform quality
Variable strength
Variable color
Dimensional unstability.
POLYMERS
Chronology of events
In the 1930’s Dr Walter Wright and the Vernon brothers working at the
Rohn and Haas company in Philadelphia developed
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), a hard plastic.
Although other materials were used for dental prosthesis, none could come
close to PMMA and by the 1940;s 95% of all dentures were made from this
acrylic polymer.
Natural polymers include:
USES IN DENTISTRY
Denture bases and artificial teeth.
Denture liners and tissue conditioners.
composite restorative and pit and fissure sealent.
Impression materials
Custoum trays for impression
Temporary restoratives.
Mouthguards.
Maxillofacial prosthesis.
Space maintainers.
Veneers.
Cements and adhesives.
CHEMISTRY OF POLYMERIZATION
Monomers react to form polymer by a chemical reaction called
polymerization.
The most common polymerization reaction for polymers used in dentistry is
addition polymerization.
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
INDUCTION
PROPOGATION
CHAIN TRANSFER
TERMINATION
INDUCTION
1)ACTIVATION
2)INITIATION
ACTIVATION Free radicals can be generated by activation of radical producing molecule
using.
Second chemical
Heat
Visible light
Ultraviolet light
Energy transfer from another compound that acts as a free radical.
Commonly employed initiator is Benzoyl peroxide which is activated
rapidly between 50 degree and 100 degree C to release two free radicals
per benzoyl peroxide molecule.
Third type is light activated .The visible light light cured dental
restoratives,camphorquinone and an organic amine
(dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) generate free radicals when irradiated by
light in the blue to violet region.
COPOLYMERIZATION
When two or more chemically different monomers each with desirable
properties can be combined to yield specific physical property of a
polymer .eg small amount of ethyl acrylate may be co-polymerized with
methyl methacrylate to alter the flexibility and fracture resistance of a
denture.
METHYL METHACRYLATE
The acrylic resins are derivative of ethylene and contains a vinyl group
(-c=c-)
Polyacids tends to imbibe water, due to polarity related to carboxyl group.
Water tends to separate the chain and cause softening and loss of strength.
Methyl methacrylate is a transparent liquid at room temp.
Physical properties
-Molecular wt=100
-Melting point=-48 C
-Boiling point=100 C
-Density=0.945g/ml at 20 C
-Heat of polymerization=12.9 Kcal/mol
Methyl methacrylate
molecule
POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
Transparent resin, transmits light in uv range to a wavelength of 250
nm.
it has got remarkable clarity.
Hard resin ,knoop hardness no of 18 to 20.
Tensile strength is 60 MPa
Density is 1.19 g/cm cube.
Modulus of elasticity 2.4 GPa(2400 MPa)
It is chemically stable and softens at 1250C
It can be molded as a thermoplastic material between 125 and 200 C
Depolarization takes place at approx 450 C .
Absorbs water by imbibition
Non crystalline structure possess high internal energy.
Polar carboxyl group can form hydrogen bridge to a limited extent
with water.
REQUISITES FOR DENTAL RESINS
(I)BIOLOGICAL COMPATIBILITY
Tasteless
Odorless
Nontoxic, non-irritating
Insoluble in saliva or any other fluids taken into the mouth.
Impermeable to oral fluids.
MONOMER TOXICITY
A review of clinical studies and patients reports on reaction to acrylic resin
dental prosthesis by William M. Goebel in Feb 1980 have shown the
following facts
Fischer patch tested groups of patients with heat cured and
autopolymerizing acrylic resin disks, monomer, powdered polymer, and
patients own acrylic resin prosthesis. From the results he concluded that
methyl methacrylate monomer is a sensitizer which can cause an allergic
contact eczematous reaction on skin and oral mucoa
He also concluded when completely polymerized it is no longer a sensitizer
Or elicitor of allergic reaction.
Crissey also concluded that stomatitis venenata is a possible but
uncommon result of monomer allergy.
Danielewicz- A. stysiak found similar results leading to conclusion that
denture sore mouth caused by hypersensitivity is possible but rare.
A Harrison and R Huggett in 1992 did a study to find out the effect of
the curing cycle on residual monomer levels of acrylic resin denture
base polymers. Levels of residual monomer were determined on a
homopolymer and co-polymer using Gas-liquid chromatography.
A wide range of recommended and short cut curing cycles
were investigated which produced values ranging from 0.56 to
18.46%.From the ranges examined an optimum cycle of 7hr at 70 C
and 1 hr at 100 C was established which was used to polymerize 23
available synthetic denture base polymers and only small difference
were found with the material tested with a range of 0.54 to 1.08% of
residual monomer.
CURING CYLES EMPLOYED IN THE STUDY
A Recommended curing cycles
overnight water-bath cures:
1) 7hr at 70 C
2) 14hr at 70 C
3) 7hr at 70 C +1hr at 100C
4) 14hr at 70C + 1hr at 100C
Short and reverse cures:
5) Boil water,insert flask , remove heat for 20 min return to boil for 10 min.
6) Boil water ,insert flask ,return to boil, boil for 10 min.
Dry heat cure:
7)temp in excess of 100C using dry heat system
B Short curing cycles
8) 7hr at 60C
9) 7hr at 60C +1 hr at 90C
10) Boil water, insert flask remove heat for 20 min return to 90 C hold at 90C for 5 min
11) Boil water insert flask return to 90C hold at 90C for 5min.
RESIDUAL MONOMER CONTENT OF TREVALON POLYMERIZED BY 11
DIFFERENT CYCLES
I) Specific gravity: It should have low value of specific gravity in order that
dentures should be as light as possible.
(v)ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION
Cost should be low
Processing should not require complex and expensive instruments.
(VI) CHEMICAL STABILITY
Conditions in mouth are demanding and only the most chemically stable
and inert materials can withstand such conditions without deterioration.
“No resin has yet met all of these ideal criteria”. Methacrylate
polymers fulfill the aforementioned requirement reasonably
well.
TYPES OF DENTURE BASE POLYMERS
1)CONVENTIONAL HEAT CURED POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
POWDER
F.A. Peyton and D.H. Anthony(1963) evaluated and compared denture bases
of different types of materials as well as techniques of processing. Materials
selected were:
4 different self – cure type
7 heat cure acrylic resins
3 special injection products
2 chromium cobalt alloys
1 epoxy type of denture plastic
1 vulcanite denture material
1 all porcelain denture base -for purpose of comparison.
. In this study comparisons of only three principal types of materials were
presented with results reported being primarily to maxillary dentures. After the
dentures were deflasked they were stored in water for 24hours at room
temperature before the measurements were recorded, to simulate interval of
time before delivery to the patient. The dentures were evaluated for changes in
contour and fit due to the effect of aging, influence of repair, the effect of fracture
along midline, effect on contour after repairs and effect on contour due to
processing time.
Based on the observations they concluded that:-
- The most accurate dentures were of self- cure type, followed by the
heat- cure and then the injection molded group.
- The contours of heat cured and self- cured dentures after 20 months
of water storage as compared with 24 hours and 8 months of water
storage showed few changes in contour.
Study was carried out to evaluate the effect of fiber reinforcement on the
dimensional changes of heat cure poly(methyl methacrylate) resins and to
compare the dimensional changes occurring in three types of heat cure poly
(methyl methacrylate) resins after processing and after immersion on water
Thirty temporary denture bases of uniform thickness and peripheral
extensions in respective areas were fabricated on identical maxillary
edentulous cast for each of the three group.
Denture bases of all three groups showed contraction in the intercanine,
intermolar, and canine to molar distances on right and left side after
processing.
The dimensional changes observed in the three groups after processing are
in the following decreasing order- Fiber glass reinforced heat cure PMMA,
High impact heat cure PMMA, Non reinforced heat cure PMMA.
The amount of space observed between the tissues was also in the above
order.
The denture bases after immersion in water(17 days) of all the three groups
showed expansion this comensated partly for processing shrinkage.
In the study it was observed that the dry strength of samples was
higher than that of the samples tested after immersion in water. This
could probably reduce the chances of fracture during accidental
dropping of the denture while polishing and before insertion of
denture.
The denture may be more prone to fracture after use in mouth for
considerable period of flexing or accidentally dropped during or after
its removal from the mouth.
Lastly, although the use of long polymerizing cycle is time
consuming, it results in dentures with more fracture resistance as
compared with the use of short polymerizing cycle.
RECENT ADVANCEMENT
Modifications of acrylic resin materials designed to improve specific
properties included.
1 plasticization,
2 copolymerization,
3.cross linking and reinforcement .
Internal plasticization by co-polymerization may improve strength
properties.
Epoxy resins (E): The general properties of these materials are strength,
hardness, toughness, low curing shrinkage and good adhesion to metals.
The disadvantages for dental use are the toxicity, the yellow colour which
darkens further, high water absorption, poor adhesion to vinyl polymers
Nylon materials: They were found to be unsatisfactory for denture base
because of high molding shrinkage which led to warpage, high water
absorption and yellowing.
High impact polystyrene (IS): This is an elastomer graft copolymer with
styrene. It is basically similar to polysterene and injection molded in a similar
way.
Chlorinated polyether: It has very low water absorption and low mold
shrinkage with excellent resistance to staining and chemical agents
System uses three resins to form the denture: Baseplate Resin, Set-up
Resin and Contour Resin. The resins were developed to handle like wax,
yet be cured into a denture base material – without investing and flasking.
VALPLAST -
Valplast is a flexible denture base resin that is ideal for partial dentures and
unilateral restorations.
The resin is a biocompatible nylon thermoplastic ,it eliminates the concern
about acrylic allergies.
Conclusion
REFERENCES: