GENETICS

CLASS-10
 Learning goals-
• Definition of genetics, heredity.
• Important terms related to genetics.
• Sex determination in human being.
• Sex linked inheritance of diseases ( X-linked)– Haemophilia and
Colourblindness.
Starter questions
Family members resemble each other. Why?
The baby resembles his father or mother?
 What do you know about

• The study of mechanism of

Genetics heredity

Heredity • Transmission of genetic

characters from parents to
offspring
 Variation in population

• Within a species individuals share many characters or traits.

1
• Within the same race or tribes or even family, members show
2 differences in body features.

• Small differences among individuals are called variation

3
 Character VS trait

characte • Any inheritable feature

r
• Alternative forms of a
trait
character
Character Vs trait
 Examples
CHARACTER TRAIT
colour of eye brown or blue
eyebrow heavy bushy or thin
Height tall and short
Ear lobe free or attach
Colour of the skin
dark and fair
 Chromosomes- the carrier of heredity
Karyotype:- artificial arrangement of chromosome
according to their size and shape on a chart.
 Chromosomes in homologous pairs
• Chromosomes always occur in pair.
1 • One from each parent.

• In human 46 chromosome means 23 pairs.

2 • The two chromosomes of each pair are similar in size and shape

Homologous
• A pair of corresponding chromosome of the same shape and size,
chromosome
one from each parent is called as Homologous chromosome
Homologous chromosome
 Categories of chromosome
(in Human)
• Chromosome pairs numbered 1-22
Autosomes • Do not influence the sex of an
individual
• Responsible of body characters.

• 23rd pair of chromosomes.

Sex • Influence the sex of an individual.
chromosome •
•
In male it is XY
In female it is XX
 Gene and allele

• Specific DNA segments of a

GENE chromosome, which determines
the hereditary characteristics

ALLELE • The alternative forms of a gene

Gene and allele
 Gene and Genome

• The genome of an organism is the whole of

Genome its hereditary information encoded in its

DNA
• Includes all gene and the intergenic regions

• Specific DNA segments of a chromosome,

Gene which determines the hereditary

characteristics
Gene and Genome
Sex determination- son or daughter

The combination of chromosome in an egg is 22+X

The combination of chromosome in a sperm is

22+X or 22 +Y.

The sex of the child depends on the kind of sperm

that fertilizes the egg.
 Son or daughter??
(So far only a matter of chance)
 Try to solve--

A certain couple got only four daughters in a

row and no son. Does it mean that the
husband does not produce Y- bearing sperm ?
 Dominant and Recessive allele
• Superruling allele.

Dominant • This allele will be expressed if present.

• Represented by a capital letter.

• Subordinate or submissive allele.

Recessive • This allele will only be expressed in absence of

a dominant allele.
• Represented by small letter.
Dominant allele VS recessive allele
Gene locus(loci- in plural)
 Homozygous and Heterozygous pair
• A pair of alleles that are identical or the
Homozygous same
• Example. BB or bb

• A pair of allele that are different.

Heterozygous • Example. Bb.
Homozygous and Heterozygous
Homozygous dominant or Homozygous Recessive
 Genotype and Phenotype

• The genetic makeup of an organism

Genotype • The gene (or allele) combination an organism

has.
• Example;- TT, Tt, BB, Bb etc.

• The physical characteristic which is genetically

Phenotype controlled.
• The way an organism looks.
• Example:- curly hair, tall, short, straight hair.
Etc.
Example
 Sex- linked inheritence
• Sex-Linked Inheritance is the inheritance of a trait (phenotype) that is determined by a gene located on one of
the sex chromosomes i.e either in X or Y chromosome.
1
• The common sex-linked disorders that are mostly found in humans are mostly recessive.
• They include disorders like Color-blindness and Haemophilia.
2 • It is represented by X ֩

• These defects occur on the X-chromosome

• The males are the sufferer and females are mainly carrier of X-linked disease.
3
Understanding---Pedigree chart
Understanding Punette square
Try to solve the following situations taking the
example of colourblindness---
Think of a possibility of a marriage where----
• If a normal female marries a colourblind male and they have four
children.
• If a carrier female marries a normal male and they have got four
children .
• If a carrier woman marries a colourblind man.
WORK OUT THE PROGENY THROUGH PUNETTE SQUARE OR
CRISS-CROSS METHODS.
Criss Cross inheritance- Inheritence of genes (X-linked
genes)as in colourblindness or Haemophilia is called
Criss-cross inheritence