Faizan Ahmad Numan Ijaz

22011560-088 22011560-080

CELL PRESENTED
BIOLOGY BY

Saleha Afzal Manahil Ayesha Malik

22011560-066 22011560-046 22011560-036
GROUP A

Muneeba Iftikhar Esha Shehzad

22011560-074 22011560-078
 What is a cell?
Cells are the fundamental constituents of life, possessing intricate structures and mechanisms that enable living
organisms to thrive. Comprising a diverse array of sizes and shapes, cells share core characteristics and functions
essential for life's processes. Genetic information resides within cells, often in the form of DNA molecules. In
eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed within a protective nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. This genetic
material guides the synthesis of proteins, pivotal for nearly all cellular activities. Bounded by a plasma membrane,
cells maintain a distinct internal environment by selectively regulating the passage of molecules. Organelles within
the cell, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, handle protein production, modification, and
transport. Mitochondria serve as energy factories, converting nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes, the cell's protein factories, decode genetic instructions to produce the vast array of proteins required for
cell function. Cells also display specialization, assuming unique roles within multicellular organisms. Muscle cells
contract, nerve cells transmit signals, and immune cells defend against pathogens. The collective efforts of
specialized cells yield tissues, organs, and systems, coordinating complex functions essential for an organism's
survival. Cellular processes encompass growth, repair, energy conversion, waste removal, and maintaining a stable
internal environment. The study of cells, known as cell biology or cytology, has led to transformative insights into
genetics, diseases, and medical advancements. Cells represent the foundational basis for comprehending life's
intricacies and offer a pathway to addressing biological challenges and fostering scientific progress.
 DISCOVERY OF CELL
• The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his

book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 observations in detail of various objects under a
coarse, compound microscope. One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke
discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella,
meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in, and also Cellulae, which meant the six-sided cell of a
honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. What Hooke had thought
were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having
a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the
cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive. His cell observations
gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells.
Avan Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made
use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects 270-fold. Under
these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. Over time, he wrote many more papers
which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these
"animalcules," which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria. Though he
did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red
blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in
Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676.
He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these
types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter
the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, in the late 1830s, proposed the Cell
Theory, a groundbreaking concept in cell biology. Schleiden, a botanist, discovered that
all plant tissues are composed of cells, suggesting that cells are the fundamental units
of plants. Schwann, a physiologist, extended this concept to animals, stating that all
living organisms are made of cells. Their combined discoveries revolutionized our
understanding of cells as the building blocks of life and laid the foundation for modern
biology. The Cell Theory is a fundamental principle that continues to shape our
understanding of cellular processes and the complexity of living organisms, serving as
the basis for countless scientific advancements.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW:
The German physician and pathologist who, in 1855, proposed the principle of "Omnis cellula e
cellula" ("all cells come from cells"), emphasizing the role of cell division and cell reproduction in
growth and development.

ROBERT BROWN:
Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, made a crucial discovery about cells in 1831. While studying plant
cells, he observed a tiny, dense structure within the cell's interior, which he named the "cell nucleus."
Brown's discovery was significant because it highlighted the presence of a central structure in plant
cells, providing key insights into cellular organization. The cell nucleus is now recognized as a vital
organelle responsible for controlling the cell's activities and containing the genetic material. Brown's
work laid the groundwork for further research on cell structure and function.
 CELL THEORY
• Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias

Jakob Schleiden. While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his

attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up

of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process

either within other cells or from the outside. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants,

animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.This was a major

advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point

compared to plants.3. theory were postulated.

• 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

• 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life

• 3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells