High Voltage

Engineering
BY KASHIF HABIB
LECTURE # 01

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 1

 Course Outline

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 2

 Lectures (Class code gucoe2)
Theory
Thursday 09:30AM—12:30PM
Makeup When needed
Labs
In Computer Lab (Software Based)
Thursday 01:00PM —04:00PM
In High Voltage Laboratory, UET Lahore
Schedule will be announced later

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 3

 Grading
Mid-Term Examination 35%
Final-Term Examination 40%
Sessional 25%
◦ Assignments
◦ Quizzes
◦ Attendance
◦ Assignments * 5-6 in a semester
◦ Semester Presentation, Oral (without aid) *Once in a semester
◦ Semester Project *Once in a semester

◦ 75% Attendance in mandatory

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 4

Course Books
Text Books
• High Voltage Engineering by M.S.Naidu (4th Edition)

Reference Books
• High Voltage Engineering Fundamentals (2nd Edition) by E.Kuffel, W.S.Zaengl,
J.Kuffel
• High Voltage and Electrical Insulation Engineering (June 2011 Edition) by Ravindra
& Wolfgang (IEEE Press)
• High Voltage Engineering by C.L. Wadhwa
• Industrial High Voltage by F. H. Kreuger Vol-1 & Vol-2, Delf University Press
 Introduction
• Although we don’t realize it, high voltage affects our daily life in many ways

• As electric energy: almost every kWh that we consume reaches by High-Voltage

paths.

• By non-energy application: television, radar, X-rays, electric fences, copying,

ignition in cars, etc.

• Through lightning: Lightning is caused by extremely high voltages.

 Energy Applications
• Transmitting power on MWs

• All the voltages over 1000 V are

regarded High Voltage, but up to 11
kV no serious engineering problems.

• 11 kV – 33 kV Medium Voltage.

• 66 kV & above are High Voltage,

where serious challenges in
controlling the voltages.
 Non-Energy Applications
• There are many application of High Voltage outside the field of Electricity Supply

• In these field HV are easier to control and real challenges are met over 100 kV.

• There are several reasons for this fact

• Non-Energy applications are normally driven at DC Voltages, which is easier to

control and causes less aging of the insulation materials than AC.

• Energy networks demand uninterrupted service, non energy application requires

limited number of service hours

• Energy networks do suffer from lightning and switching surges and therefore
designed for the several over voltages. Non-Energy application are usually
stressed at nominal voltages.
Energy Vs Non-Energy Applications
 Reading Material
Industrial High Voltage by F. H. Kreuger Vol-1
◦ Introduction

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 10

 Why High Voltage (Engineering)?
• It’s the knowledge of the behavior of dielectrics
(insulator) — electrical insulation when subjected to high
voltage

• No concept of a complete Insulator – Even a good

Insulator can conduct under High Voltages

• Result is to minimize the volume of the electrical

insulation requirements and trouble-free life of high
voltage apparatus.

• A totally different Domain (Engineering) when High

Voltage are applied. Stray Capacitances & Inductances
come into play.
 HVAC & HVDC Transmission
• Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) based on High Power
GTO and IGBT’s
• Examples of FACTS system include Fixed Series Capacitors (FSC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and STATCOMS
• Link for FACTS devices http://www.siemens.com.pk/pt_ac.html
• List of HVDC Projects
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HVDC_projs
Basic Definitions to Start With
• Electron
• Proton
• Ion
• Ionization
• Electric Charge
• Space Charge
• Volume Charge Density ρv
• Electric Discharge
• Electric & Magnetic Field
• Electromagnetics
Di-Electric & Electric Material
• What the difference between these ?

• Electric Material – capable of developing (conducting)

electric charge or current
• Di-Electric Material – not capable of developing (conducting)
electric charge or current but admits electrostatic and magnetic
lines of force
• Di-Electric Material Properties– Relative Permittivity εr , Type of
Material & Amplitude of Voltage Applied
Electrical Breakdown
• Failure of Electrical Insulation Properties (flow of current) of an
Insulator or Di-electric

Local Breakdown Global Breakdown

confined locally to a complete rupture or
part of an Insulator failure of insulator
(Partial Breakdown) properties
(Electrical Breakdown)
Corona: Partial Electrical Breakdown (discharge)

• Stable Partial Breakdown (PB) in Gaseous Di-

electrics
• Types: Audible & Visible Corona

• Streamer:
• Extension of Corona at Distance Shower of Discharge

(Streamer Corona) Example: Discharge of

Cloud (Lightning)
Aurora:
• Luminous phenomenon consisting of streamers or Arches of Light
at Polar Regions
• Explained under “Faraday’s Glow”
• Atoms in Ionosphere stuck by High Energy Electrons Coming
from Sun (cosmic Radiation)
• Aurora Australis (Southern Hemisphere)
• Aurora Borealis (Northern Hemisphere)
Aurora:
Di-electric Property:
Capacitance
• Is the field between the plates of a Capacitor Uniform?
• Permittivity of a Di-electric is Constant ?

• Stray Capacitance

• How to minimize it?

 Electric Field
• Electric Charge is considered static when there is no movement of charge
• Field produced by Static charge or Direct Voltage is known as
Electro-static field
• Field produced by power frequency Alternating voltage is known as quasi-
stationary Electric field
• Electric Field Intensity
Dielectric Breakdown
• Composition of dielectric material, presence of
impurities imperfections in the dielectric
• Pressure
• Humidity
• Temperature
• Electric field configuration (shape of the electrodes, their
size and
• gap distance)
• Electrode material
• Duration
• Magnitude and the waveform of the applied voltage
Today’s Text Covered from Chapter 1 of IEEE
Press Book (Ravindra Book)

and

Chapter 1 of Kuffel Book

 Electric Field
• Electric Charge is considered static when there
is no movement of charge

• Field produced by Static charge or Direct

Voltage (DC Voltage) is known as Electro-
static field
• Field produced by power frequency Alternating
voltage is known as quasi-stationary Electric field
Electric Field Lines & Equipotential Lines

Field Between Sphere or Cylinder and Plane

Electric Field Lines & Equipotential Lines

Field on a Bundled Conductor Cross Section

Electric Field Intensity or Stress
Electrostatic Force per unit positive test charge q
placed at a particular point p in a dielectric

Electric Field Intensity E = F / q [N/C] or

[V/m] More commonly used unit are KV/cm or

KV/mm

Potential Difference between two points a an b? How

to find it in terms of Electric Field E
Electric Field Intensity or Stress

Uab = Ua - Ub

Uab = $a - $b

Uab = Work done in moving

a Unit positive charge from
point b to point a
Uab is positive if Work is done
which means $a
is at a higher potential
 Electric Field Intensity or Stress
Electric Field intensity E is
given by the rate of change
of potential with distance

The maximum magnitude of

the Field Intensity can there
be obtained when the
direction of the increment of
the distance is opposite to
the direction of E
Maximum value of the rate of change of
potential is obtained when the direction of
E is opposite to the direction in which
potential is increasing rapidly
Electric Field Intensity or Stress

Electric Field intensity E is

numerically equal to the potential
gradient
 Partial Breakdown in Di-
electrics

• Gases: CORONA (Stable)

• Solid and Liquid: INTERNAL BREAKDOWN

Surface Breakdown or Tracking

When Partial Breakdown takes place on the surface of a solid or
a liquid its called as Surface Breakdown or Tracking

Partial Breakdown Inception

Classification of Electric Fields

η is Schwaiger Factor
(Dimensionless
Quantity)
Classification of Electric Fields

Dielectric Between
Parallel Plates
Classification of Electric Fields

Sphere-Sphere
Electrodes
Classification of Electric Fields

Needle-Needle
Electrodes
Degree of Uniformity of Electric Fields

Schwaiger Factor
 Degree of Uniformity of Electric Fields
Degree of Uniformity of Electric Fields
Geometrical
Characteristic Factor (p)
Degree of Uniformity of Electric Fields
Divergence
“The divergence of the vector flux density A is the outflow of flux
from a small closed surface per unit volume as the volume
shrinks to zero

OR

Divergence at a point (x,y,z) is the measure of the vector flow

out of a surface surrounding that point
Divergence for Fields
Divergence for Fields (continued)
Curl

The curl of any vector is a vector, and any component of the curl is
given by the limit of the quotient of the closed line integral of the
vector about a small path in a plane normal to that component
desired and the area enclosed, as the path shrinks to zero.”
OR

We can describe curl as circulation per unit area. The

closed path is vanishingly small, and curl is defined at a
point
Curl for Fields
Curl
Maxwell’s
Equation
Today’s Text Covered from Chapter 2 of IEEE
Press Book (Ravindra Book)
Uptil Article 2.4
What is High Voltage?
As per IEC, a voltage of > 1000 V AC or > 1200 V DC is High Voltage
 AC Transmission Voltage Over the
Years

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 47

 DC Transmission Voltage Over the
Years

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 48

 Increase in Voltage Level

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 49

 Why High Voltages are used for Power Transmission
To reduce conductor size and cost
To reduce conductor loss and cost of losses
To reduce voltage drop in line
To increase transmission line efficiency
To increase the power flow limit of the line or line stability limit.

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 50

 Advantages of Transmission at High Voltages

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 51

 Power Handling Capacity of Long AC Lines

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 52

 Line Power Losses

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 53

 Transmission Voltage and
Economics
Any transmission line will have
construction cost . This cost will depend
on line length and voltage used. It
increases with voltage as well as with
length
It also has operating cost to account for
the line losses. This cost will decrease with
voltage but will increase with length.
If we fix the amount of power transmitted
and length, then total cost varies with
voltage as shown on right.

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 54

 Economic Choice of Voltages

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 55

 Note that for AC lines
Line power transmission capacity is proportional to square of voltage.
And it is inversely proportional to distance.
For a given power transmission requirement, there is an optimum voltage which
results in the lowest overall cost.
We usually use standard voltages for economic and technical benefits at or near this
optimum voltage value.
Every country decides on the set of standard voltages for its use.
In general, transmission voltage needs to be increased if we want to:
o Transmit more power
o Transmit power over longer distance

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 56

 Economic Voltage of Transmission Power

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 57

 Advantages of HVDC
Technical Advantages
No requirement of reactive power
Practical absence of transmission line length limitation
No system stability problem
Interconnection of asynchronously operated power systems
No production of charging currents
No increase of short circuit power at the connection point

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 58

 Advantages of HVDC
Control of DC quantities (Voltage, Current and Power)
Loss is very less as no frequency reversals taken into account
Improve line loading capacity & also increase the efficiency of transmission
Requires less number of conductors for same power transfer
Reduced in tower size (less clearance)

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 59

 Disadvantages of HVDC
The disadvantages of HVDC are in conversion, switching, control, availability and maintenance.
HVDC is less reliable and lower availability than AC system mainly due to the extra
conversation equipment.
At the smaller transmission distance the losses in the static inverters may be bigger than a AC
transmission line.
In contrast to AC system, realizing multiterminal systems is complex, as is expanding existing
schemes to multiterminal systems.
HVDC circuit breakers are difficult to build because some mechanism must be include in the
circuit breaker to force current to zero, otherwise arcing and contact wear would be too great to
allow reliable switching.
Operating a HVDC scheme requires many spare parts to be kept, often exclusively for one
system as HVDC systems are less standardized than AC systems and technology changes faster.

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 60

 HVDC Substation Layout

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 61

 AC VERSUS DC LINE TOWER SIZES

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 62

 AC VERSUS DC LINE TOWER SIZES

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 63

 Economics of long distance HVAC and
HVDC transmission system

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 64

 Estimated optimum voltages and currents
for HVDC transmissions versus power levels

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 65

 In addition to Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, High Voltages are also used for
Testing of high voltage equipment to ensure it will perform as required over long
expected life span
Testing and diagnostics of in service equipment for the condition assessment and
replacement strategies
Research and development studies
Scientific and industrial applications
Other miscellaneous applications

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 66

 Uses of High Voltage in Industry
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP)

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 67

 Spraying of Pesticides Using
Electrostatics and High Voltages

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 68

 Electrostatic Painting

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 69

 Production of Ozone Gas

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 70

 Removal of Industrial Flue Gases
Using High Voltage Pulsed Power
Nitrogen and Sulphur oxides, are of primary concern as they lead to acid rain.
The application of HV pulses to a pair of electrodes in atmosphere air containing the
pollutants creates high energy electrons which then produce radicals N and O by
dissociation, and in the presence of moisture the NO and NO2 are converted to HNO3,
while SO2 is converted to H2SO4.
Typical schematic diagram of plant for the removal of NOx,SO2, and solid particles
using injected ammonia and propylene is shown next.

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 71

 Schematic diagram of plant for the removal of NOx,
SO2, and solid particles using injected ammonia and
propylene

11/29/2016 Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab 72