INTRODUCTION OF

PHILOSOPHY TO THE
HUMAN PERSON
PART I
_____1.It is an activity that requires a perso
n to examine his or her thoughts, feelings
and actions and learn from experience.

A. reflection  C. wondering
B. questioning  D. reasoning
A
______2. What is the science and art of
correct thinking?

A. Ethics  C. Metaphysics
B. Aesthetics  D. Logic
D
______3. The type of philosophical reflection which 
trains the mind to think logically. It is also the
ability of the mind to construct and evaluate
arguments

A. Secondary reflection  C. Primary reflection
B. Tertiary reflection  D. all of the above
A
______4. One of the triumvirate Greek
philosophers who pioneered a method of
argument called dialectic.

A. Plato  C. Pythagoras
B. Socrates  D. Aristotle
B
_____5. This is the process of thinking about
something in a logical way in order to form a
conclusion or judgment.

A. reasoning  C. intuition
B. proposition  D. reflection
A
____6. It is a term used to describe a method of
philosophical argument that involves some sort
of contradictory process between opposing sides.

A. deductive  C. Inductive
B. dialectic  D. reflective
B
7. It is the idea that various systems(e.g.
physical, biological, social) should be viewed
as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.

A. holism  C. existentialism
B. idealism  D. rationalism
A
8. According to Gabriel Marcel this type of
reflection enables us to look deeper into our
experiences and see the bigger picture of reality.

A. Secondary reflection  C. Primary reflection
B. Tertiary reflection  D. all of the above
C
9. The western philosophical tradition
originated in______.

A. Greece  C. India
B. China  D. Egypt
A
____10. What is the branch of Philosophy
that studies the nature and means of
human knowledge?

A. Metaphysics  C. Politics
B. Ethics  D. Epistemology
C
PART II
1.What is originally meant “love of
wisdom”?
A. Philosophy
B. Epistemology
C. Ethics
D. Aesthetics
A
2. These are the lessons that we learned from
experience?

A. Aesthetics 
B. Wisdom
C. Philosophy
D. Logic
B
3. The Filipino attitude as part of life which literary
means to leave everything to GOD which Is
Bathala?

A. Bahala Na
B. Pakikisama
C. Bayanihan
D. Kalooban
A
4. What is the expression of a person in a
rational and logical manner?

A. Philosophizing
B. Epistemic
C. Religiosity
D. Cosmetology
A
5. This truth is based on the person’s
consciousness.

A. Phenomenology
B. Existentialism 
C. Postmodernism 
D. Logic
A
6. He said that the soul is the prisoner of the body.

A. Aristotle
B. Socrates
C. Plato
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
C
7. One of the divisions of the soul for basic
needs like food, growth and reproduction.

A. Vegetative Soul
B. Rational/Intellectual Soul
C. Sensitive Soul
D. Irrational Soul
A
8. It deals with the moral relationship
between the human person and his/her
environment.

A. Environmental Ethics
B. Environmental Conservation
C. Environmental Challenges
D. Environmental Value System
A
9. Advocates of this view wish to lessen the impact
of human influence to the environment by reducing
and lessening the consumption of natural
resources.

A. Anthropocentrism
B. Ecocentrism
C. Technocentrism
D. Homocentrism 
B
10. Behaviour influence by biological
forces like genes, hormones and
evolution.
A. biological determinism
B. environmental determinism
C. psychic determinism
D. scientific emphasis
A
11. It is an act of making good judgment
that allows a person to avoid risks.

A. Freedom
B. choice 
C. prudence
D. determinism
C
12. Refers to inter human encounter. It is
also accepting people in different walks of
life.

A. Knowledge
B. Freedom
C. Subjectivity
D. Intersubjectivity
D
13. He stated that inter subjective
experience plays a significant role in the
framework of a person as both objectively
existing and experiencing subject.

A. Karl Marx 
B. Rene Descartes 
C. Martin Luther
D. Edmund Husserl
D
14. A person whose entire brain has irreversibly ceased to
function but still breathing because of a life support devise.
A. Brain dead patient
B. Comatose patient
C. Cancer patient
D. Persistent vegetative state patient
A
Brain death (also known as brain stem death) is when a
person on an artificial life support machine no longer
has any brain functions. This means they will not regain
consciousness or be able to breathe without support. A
person who is brain dead is legally confirmed as dead.

Coma is a state of prolonged loss of consciousness. It

can have a variety of causes, including traumatic head
injury, stroke, brain tumor, or drug or alcohol intoxication.
A coma may even be caused by an underlying illness, such
as diabetes or an infection. Coma is a medical emergency.
Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases
characterized by the development of abnormal cells that
divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and
destroy normal body tissue. Cancer often has the ability to
spread throughout your body. Cancer is the second-leading cause
of death in the world.

The term “persistent vegetative state” was coined by Jennett and

Plum in 1972 to describe the condition of patients with severe
brain damage in whom coma has progressed to a state of
wakefulness without detectable awareness1. Such patients have
sleep-wake cycles but no ascertainable cerebral cortical function.
15. It claims that what gives value to human life
can be found outside of the natural world.

A. Supernaturalism
B. Objective naturalism
C. Naturalism
D. Objective supernaturalism
A
Different views about the meaning of human life.

1. Naturalism and Supernaturalism

 Naturalism – the sources of life’s meaning are to be
found in the natural world

 Supernaturalism – the sources of life’s meaning cannot

be found in the natural world. Supernaturalism - They
believe that human beings ascribe supernatural
attributes to purely natural events, such as lightning,
rainbows, floods, and the origin of life.
 Subjective naturalism – the
sources of life’s meaning are
dependent on human attitudes
 Objective naturalism – it is no
dependent on human attitudes
16. What is the expression of a person
in a rational and logical manner?

A. Philosophizing
B. Religiosity
C. Epistemic
D. Cosmetology
A
17. The truth is based on exercising
choice, and personal freedom.

A. Phenomenology
B. Postmodernism
C. Existentialism 
D. Logic
A
PHENOMONOLOGY is a philosophy of
experience. For phenomenology the
ultimate source of all meaning and value
is the lived experience of human beings

EXISTENTIALISM is the philosophical

belief we are each responsible for creating
purpose or meaning in our own lives
Phenomenology 

The truth is based on the person’s

consciousness. It is a broad discipline and method
of inquiry in philosophy, develop largely by the
German philosophers Edmund Husserl, which is
based on the premise that reality consist of objects
and event (phenomena) as they are perceived or
understood in the human consciousness, and not
of anything independent of human consciousness
Existentialism 
The truth is based on exercising choice. and personal
freedom. It is the importance of free individual choice
regardless of the power of the people to influence and
coerce our desires, belief, and decisions. For example,
when a person plans about their life, follow through or
does not follow through on that decision and begins to
create their essence. It is said in existentialism that
existence comes, and essence comes second.
Logic and Critical Thinking
Truth is based on reasoning and
critical thinking analysis and
construction of arguments. It serves
as path to freedom from half-truths
and deception. 
POSTMODERNISM - As a philosophy,
postmodernism rejects concepts of rationality,
objectivity, and universal truth. Instead, it
emphasizes the diversity of human experience and
multiplicity of perspectives.

LOGIC - defined as the study of the laws of

thought or correct reasoning, and is usually
understood in terms of inferences or arguments.
18. This kind of reasoning moves from
specific premises to a general conclusion.

A. Inductive reasoning
B. Mistaken in reasoning
C. Deductive Reasoning
D. None of the above
C
Inductive Reasoning – moves from specific
premises to a general conclusion.

Example: In the past, ducks have always

come to our pond. Therefore, the ducks will
come to our pond this summer.
Deductive Reasoning– Deductive
reasoning moves from a general
premise to a more specific
conclusion.
 A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning.

Ex. People have been trying for centuries to

prove that God exists. But no one has yet
been able to prove it. Therefore, God does not
exist.” Here’s an opposing argument that
commits the same fallacy: “People have been
trying for years to prove that God does not
exist.”
19. This theory of truth holds that the
proposition is true if it is useful, linked the
nature of truth with the principle of action and
the concept of utility.

A. Correspondence theory
B. Pragmatic theory
C. Coherence theory
D. Reasoning theory
A
The correspondence theory of truth is at its core an
ontological thesis: a belief is true if there exists an
appropriate entity – a fact – to which it
corresponds. If there is no such entity, the belief is
false.

In metaphysics and philosophy of language, the

correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or
falsity of a statement is determined only by how it
relates to the world and whether it accurately
describes that world.
Pragmatic Theory
The theory of truth that the truth of
a statement consists in its practical
consequences, especially in its
agreement with subsequent
experience.
A coherence theory of truth states that the truth
of any (true) proposition consists in its
coherence with some specified set of
propositions. The coherence theory differs from
its principal competitor, the correspondence
theory of truth, in two essential respects.
 Reasoning theories hypothesize
that if people have strong 'reasons
for' or against engaging in the
behavior, this helps them justify
their actions. Furthermore, this also
activates other factors that relate to
behavioral intention
20. The truth contends that a proposition is true
by examining whether it coheres with the rules of
the relevant system or to a certain set of
established belief.

A. Correspondence theory
B. Pragmatic theory
C. Coherence theory
D. Reasoning theory
B
21. This fallacy assume that what is true of
the part is also true of the whole.

A. Equivocation
B. Argument from ignorance
C. Composition
D. Appeal inappropriate authority
C
FALLACIES 
Fallacies are errors or mistaken in reasoning. To
detect fallacies, it is required to examine the
argument content. These arguments somehow
could sound convincing and be very persuasive in
order to shape other’s opinion and deliver flawed
judgment and reason. Here are some of the
usually committed errors in reasoning and thus,
result to false conclusion and worse, distort the
truth.
The fallacy of equivocation – using the same term
several times but the meaning of the term is different
each time that become confusing in the argument.

Ex. All laws should be respected and obeyed. The law

of gravity is a law. Therefore, the law of gravity
should be respected and obeyed.
The fallacy of composition – if what is true of the
part is also true of the whole.

Ex.
Hydrogen (H) is air. Oxygen (O) is air. Therefore, H2O
is air.
Every part of the machine is light in weight.
Therefore, the whole machine is light in weight.
The fallacy of division – what is
true of the whole is also true of the
part.

Ex. His entire family is a teacher.

For sure he will be a teacher too.
The fallacy of argument from ignorance
(argumentum ad ignorantiam) – the proposition
that is not proven true is false; nor what is not
proven false is true. 

Ex. Mental telepathy must be accepted as a

fact; for nobody has proven that it is impossible
The fallacy of appeal inappropriate
authority – he/she appeal to public even if
it is not his/her expertise.

Ex. This candidate was endorsed by our

favorite action star, we should vote for him.
22. These are the errors or mistaken in reasoning.

A. Correspondence
B. Fallacies
C. Logic
D. Deductive Reasoning
C
Fallacies are errors or mistaken in reasoning. To
detect fallacies, it is required to examine the
argument content. These arguments somehow could
sound convincing and be very persuasive in order to
shape other’s opinion and deliver flawed judgment
and reason. Here are some of the usually committed
errors in reasoning and thus, result to false
conclusion and worse, distort the truth.
Correspondence – we can know
whether a statement/belief if true by
examining if it corresponds to or
represents, a fact in the world.
23. This fallacy evaluates the arguments
based on the personal identity of the person. 

A. Appeal to the people

B. Appeal to pity
C. Appeal to force
D. Division
B
 The fallacy of appeal to the people –
evaluates the arguments based on
the personal identity of the person. 

Ex. You cannot get the highest honor

because you are very ugly. 
The fallacy of appeal to pity – making the
argument acceptable because the opponent
appeal using sympathy, or feelings of pity or
guilt.

Ex. We should pass this student even

though he is always absent, for he is a
working student and they are poor.
The fallacy of appeal to force – using
force, coercion, or treat to give justification
or to win in an argument.

Ex. You have passed this text to 15 people

or else you will receive bad luck for 15
years.
The fallacy of division – what is
true of the whole is also true of the
part

Ex. His entire family is a teacher.

For sure he will be a teacher too.
24. This fallacy makes a generalization from
a special or accidental case, or simply from
insufficient number of cases.

A. Appeal to force
B. Appeal to people
C. Equivocation 
D. Hasty generalization
A
The fallacy of appeal to the people –
evaluates the arguments based on the
personal identity of the person. 

Ex. You cannot get the highest honor

because you are very ugly.
The fallacy of appeal to force – using
force, coercion, or treat to give
justification or to win in an argument.

Ex. You have passed this text to 15

people or else you will receive bad luck
for 15 years.
The fallacy of equivocation – using the same term
several times but the meaning of the term is
different each time that become confusing in the
argument.

Ex. All laws should be respected and obeyed. The

law of gravity is a law. Therefore, the law of gravity
should be respected and obeyed.
The fallacy of hasty generalization – one
makes a generalization from a special or
accidental case, or simply from insufficient
number of cases. 

Ex. While dancing, Pedro has a heart attack.

therefore, dancing is bad for the hearth.
25. Considered as the union of body and
soul.

A. animal
B. vegetable
C. cadaver
D. human person
D
26. He believes that the soul cannot
exists apart from the body.

A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
A
Plato 
Plato believes that a human person is composed of body and
soul.  He argues that the soul preexisted the body becoming a
witness to everything in the world of ideas. Now, the moment the
soul is born in the physical world acquiring a body becoming a
human person, he/she is subjected to different kinds of
limitations including forgetfulness of the truths that he/she
encountered in the world of ideas. The body inhibits the human
person from grasping truths.  He further argues that the soul is
the prisoner of the body which gives him the idea of liberating the
soul from the body.  The soul is immortal while the body is
mortal.  So the moment the human person dies, the body decays,
and the soul returns to the world of ideas. 
Aristotle 
Just like his teacher Plato, Aristotle also believes
that a human person is composed of body and
soul.  The soul is the part of the body that
animates it.  The soul gives life to the body. 
Unlike Plato, he believes that the soul cannot
exists apart from the body.  So when the body
dies, so does the soul. 
St. Thomas Aquinas

St. Thomas Aquinas believes that there are three divisions of the
soul: Vegetative Soul, Sensitive Soul and Rational/Intellectual Soul. 
The vegetative soul is for basic needs like food, growth and
reproduction.  The sensitive soul is for movement, perception and
sensation.  The rational/intellectual soul which is responsible for
reason and thinking.   The human person possesses all three kinds of
souls.  The rational/intellectual soul being the highest form of soul
enables the human person to be self-aware, to gain knowledge and have
the power to be independent of the body.  Though the soul may work
independently of the body, it still needs the body to manifest its
powers.  Thus, the rational soul can exist without the body, but it
cannot do anything without it.  
27. He said the rational soul can exist without
the body, but it cannot do anything without
it.  

A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
D
28. It refers to the things in our lives
that are already given.

A. Facticity
B. Philosophy
C. Spatial-Temporal Beings
D. Body as Intermediary
A
The Body as Intermediary

Our body serves as an intermediary or mediator between us and the

physical world.  We can experience the world because of our body.  It
is because of my body that I experience the world as my world and
not the world of others.  This imposes limitation concerning
communication and expression.  We communicate with words but
sometimes words are not enough to really convey our message. 
Sometimes, we cannot put into words what we want to really say. 
However, there are also times when we want to hide ourselves from
others.  We don’t want others to see what we really think and feel. 
The body in this case is like a veil that covers the reality of a person.  
Facticity

“Kamukha ka pala ng tatay mo pero ang mata mo ay sa nanay mo.” 

Maybe you have heard your relatives or your parents’ friends saying this
from time to time.  And maybe sometimes you wish you have a different
facial features.  That is because when you were born, you were not able
to choose your parents, your family, your community and even your
name.  You were never asked when and where you would like to be
born.  Jean Paul Sartre, a French philosopher, calls that facticity. 
Facticity refers to the things in our lives that are already given.  All the
facts that we currently have are part of our limitations.  Say for
example, you want to be a basketball player but you were born with a
rheumatic heart.  You want to finish your studies and become a doctor
but you were born in a poor family.  We shall always have limitations by
the facticity of our existence.
Spatial-Temporal Being

Being temporal beings, the most obvious limitation is our

death.  We recognize our death and accept that we will not
live forever.  We have limited time and we will die someday. 
On the level of being spatial individuals, we are limited by
our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same
time.  We are set to be at one place at a time that is why we
need to choose where we want to be in case we are invited to
attend a friend’s birthday party or a family reunion.
29. It is the acceptance that we will not live
forever.

A. Facticity
B. Philosophy
C. Spatial-Temporal Beings
D. Body as Intermediary
C
On Transcending Limitations

You may think that these limitations are restricting

how you live your life.  But think again, these
limitations make your life more interesting and
meaningful.  Let us look again at each limitation
and maybe we can find a way to overcome them, or
perhaps we may see that there is no need to
overcome them at all.
FACTICITY
We cannot simply change our facticity, but what we can do is
change our attitude towards them.  A person with rheumatic heart
may just accept that he cannot play basketball or a person will not be
able to finish school because of being poor.  This is what happens
when we let our facticity define who we are, we treat our facticity as if
life has destined us to it.  We should not look at them as if they are
our fate.  Our facticity challenges us to be creative with our life
options.  You may not be able to play basketball, but maybe you can
become a coach or a basketball television analyst.  You may not be
rich but you are intelligent to have scholarship and/or become a
working student.  We receive certain givens when we are born.  And it
is up to us how we will make us of those givens.
Spatial-Temporal Being

Surely we will die, and that is something which bothers a lot of

people.  So we want to make the most out of it.  We plan for the
future.  In doing so, we forget the more important thing, the
present.  Give the present its due worth and just simply appreciate
it.  Remind ourselves from time to time how wonderful the present
is.  The moment you spend with your family and friends.  This too
will help you in choosing where you want to be, in a friend’s
birthday party or a family reunion.  Being reminded of our spatial-
temporal character invites us to value the people and things around
us.
Body as Intermediary
Having a body may prevent us from truly disclosing
what we really want to express.  This challenge us to be
more creative in our expressions.  Just like in saying “I
love you”, sometimes it is not enough to express how you
feel.  So you find more creative ways of conveying the
message.  Sometimes you give flowers or chocolates or
both.  Moreover, having a body that conceals our
emotions also serve as our protection and solace.  There
are times that we don’t want everyone to know what we
think and feel. 
30. One of the division of the soul
responsible for thinking and reason.

A. Vegetative Soul
B. Sensitive Soul
C. Rational/Intellectual Soul
D. Irrational Soul
C
PART III
1. Considered as the union of body and
soul.

A. Animal
B. Vegetable 
C. Fruits 
D. Human Person
D
2. It deals with the moral relationship between the
human person and his/her environment.

A. Environmental Ethics 
B. Environmental Challenges
C. Environmental Conservation
D. Environmental Values
A
3. Behavior influence by biological forces like
genes, hormones and evolution.

A. Biological Determinism
B.Psychic Determinism
C.Environmental Determinism
D. Empirical Emphasis
A
4. He said that the soul is the prisoner of the
body.

A. Aristotle 
B. Plato
C. Socrates
D. St. Thomas Aquinas
C
5. It refers to how a person sees and
values environmental concern.

A. Environmental Ethics
B. Environmental Challenges
C. Environmental Determinism
D. Environmental Value System
6. It is a philosophical perspective which
puts human needs and interests to be of
highest value and importance.

A. Anthropocentrism
B. Technocentrism 
C. Ecocentrism 
D. Homocentrism
A
7. These are the threats that our environment is
facing.

A. Environmental Ethics
B. Environmental Challenges
C. Environmental Determinism
D. Environmental Conservation
8. It refers to the things in our lives
that are already given.

A. Facticity
B. Philosophy 
C. Spatial Temporal Beings 
D. Body as Intermediary
A
 9. It stresses that environmental problems
can be solved through science and
technology, and holds that technology is a
key ingredient in improving the standard of
living.

A. Anthropocentrism
B. Technocentrism 
C. Ecocentrism 
D. Homocentrism
10. It is the acceptance that we will
not live forever.

A. Facticity
B. Philosophy 
C. Spatial Temporal Beings 
D. Body as Intermediary
C
11. It is regarded as one of the major
environmental challenges that the world is facing
today.

A. Climate Change
B. Sustainable Development
C. Preservation of Endangered Species
D. Energy Conservation
12. One of the divisions of the soul for basic
needs like food, growth and reproduction.

A. Vegetative Soul
B. Sensitive Soul
C. Rational/Intellectual Soul
D. Irrational Soul
A
13. It is defined as development that meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future
generations to meet their own needs.

A. Climate Change
B. Sustainable Development
C. Preservation of Endangered Species
D. Energy Conservation
B
 14. The ability to decide what to do
independently of any outside influence

A. Free Will
B.Choice 
C.Self Determination
D.Determinism
15. One of the division of the soul
responsible for thinking and reason.

A. Vegetative Soul
B. Sensitive Soul
C. Rational/Intellectual Soul
D. Irrational Soul
C
Identify the category of limitation.  Write F if it is Facticity, S if it is
Spatial Temporal Beings and B if it is Body as Intermediary on the
space provided before the number.
_____16.  We have a limited life span.
_____17.  We cannot choose our biological family.
_____18.  We cannot teleport to another place in an instant.
_____19.  Words limit our communications with others.
_____20. We cannot be in two places at the same time.
_____21. We cannot change our past decisions.
_____22. We face certain death in the future.
_____23.  We are bound by space and time.
_____24.  “Kamukha ka pala ng tatay mo pero ang mata mo ay sa
nanay mo.”
_____25.  We communicate with words but sometimes words are not
enough to really convey our message.