ICCRIP

“Factors Contributing to Delay in Indian Construction

Projects-
Subcontractors Perspective”

Authors:-
Track 1: Issues in Construction
 Dr. Smita Patil (Associate Professor ,
Management NICMAR University)
 Thejas A Jain (student)
 Nikhil Kumar K (Student)
 Tarun K Varghese (Student)
 INTRODUCTION

• Construction Industry is the second largest sector in India after agriculture playing a crucial role in the
social and economic development of the Country
• A successful construction project is one which is completed in the stipulated time, stipulated cost and as
per the required quality.
• Despite of using Project Planning and Controls Tools, the Construction Projects are facing time and
cost overruns. One of the major causes for this is the Delays in the Construction Project

ICCRIP , NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 2 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 SUB-CONTRACTORS
• A supply chain of numerous subcontractors employed by the main contractor is common in the
construction industry, resulting in a complicated network of contracts at multiple levels between the
subcontractors and their main contractors
• Delays in the project also affect the subcontractors which further adds to the already faced problems of
squeezed profit margins and ensuring business survival.

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 3 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 DELAY ANALYSIS

• Delay analysis is an investigation technique carried on account to find what causes the project to run
late and who is accountable for the delays.
• Through a Questionnaire survey, this investigation seeks to point out the causes yielding to delays from
the perspective of subcontractors involved in Indian Construction projects
• It will further analyze and rank the delay causes by applying statistical technique called Relative
Importance Index.

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 4 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 OBJECTIVE
1. To study the different factors responsible for delay through literature review.
2. To investigate different factors responsible for delay in construction projects from sub-contractors’
perspective.
3. To analyze and rank the causes of delay using Relative Important Index (RII) analysis technique.

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 5 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 METHODOLOGY
1.Literature Studies
2.Identifying Delay Factors
3.Questionnaire Survey
4. Data Collection and Analysis
5.Ranking of Delays
ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE
The methodology of the project follows :
• Literature studies
• Identifying delay factors
• Questionnaire survey
• Data collection and analysis
• Ranking of delays
6 Friday, Aug
ust 18, 2023
 METHODOLOGY
1.Literature Studies
2.Identifying Delay Factors
3.Questionnaire Survey
4. Data Collection and Analysis
5.Ranking of Delays
ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE
4. Data Collection and Analysis (Contd)
• RII =Σ𝑊 / (𝐴∗𝑁)
• W is Weighting is given to each other by the respondents (ranging
from 1 to 5).
• A is highest weight ( i.e., 5 in this case)
• N is Total number of respondents
• The RII value rages from 0 to 1
• Higher the value of RII, more important is the
cause of delays
7 Friday, Aug
ust 18, 2023
 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
1. Analysis from Literature Review
Table 1 : Identification of Causes for Delay from Literature review.
Sl. No Delay Factors Frequency Percentage

1 Improper project planning and scheduling 10 7.81

2 Poor Site management and supervision 10 7.81

Poor qualification, shortage of technical professionals and inadequate

3 experience in Project team 10 7.81

4 Construction Material issues 9 7.03

5 Improper Construction Methodology 9 7.03

6 Lack of Communication and co-ordination among the construction parties 8 6.25

7 Shortage of labor 7 5.47

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 8 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Sl. No Delay Factors Frequency Percentage

8 Inadequate Fund allocation 6 4.69

9 Construction Equipment issues 6 4.69

10 Frequent change of sub-contractors 6 4.69

11 Design issues 5 3.91

12 Change order by owners and contractors during construction 5 3.91

13 Unrealistic contract duration 5 3.91

14 Delay in site mobilization and resource mobilization (unavailability of utilities) 5 3.91

15 Poor relationship and conflicts among the Parties 5 3.91

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 9 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Sl. No Delay Factors Frequency Percentage

16 Unethical behavior to achieve high level of profits 4 3.13

17 Delay in Payment by Owner/Contractor 3 2.34

18 Delays from consultant and owners end ( 3 2.34

19 Poor site safety and accidents 3 2.34

20 Temporary work stoppage 3 2.34

21 Force Majeure 3 2.34

22 Unfavorable site conditions (water table, hard rock) 2 1.56

23 Other factors 1 0.78

  TOTAL 128 100

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 10 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Table 2 : Final factors considered for Questionnaire Survey

Sl. No Delay factors

1 Improper Project Planning & Scheduling
2 Poor site management and supervision
3 Poor Qualification and Shortage of Technical Professionals
4 Obsolete and Outdated methods
5 Lack of Communication and Coordination
6 Shortage of skilled Labours
7 Inadequate and late fund allocation
8 Improper management of machinery and equipment
9 Frequent change in Sub-contractors
10 Poor design and late review of drawing
11 Change order and Variation order
12 Unrealistic contract duration
13 Site mobilization and Resource mobilization
14 Unethical behaviour by subcontractor to achieve high profit
15 Delay in Payment to subcontractor
16 Poor safety measures and accidents

11
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
• The Questionnaire with 16 questions was developed from the factors responsible for Construction Delays as listed under
Table 2 and floated to the Respondents to share their views.
• The respondents were asked to fill in the appropriate choices according to their opinion factors that caused the project delay.

For example; How do you rate Improper Project Planning & Scheduling contributes to Sub-Contractors delay?

Rate the frequency of occurrence:

O Very Low O Low O Medium O High O Very High

Rate the Severity of Impact of Delay Factor:

O Very Low O Low O Medium O High O Very High

12 Friday, Aug
ust 18, 2023
 A Google link to participate in the survey was forwarded to 100 randomly chosen professionals from the
construction industry, including consultants, owners/clients, project managers, contractors, and site
engineers.

Respondents Profile

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 13 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Responses received against each Questionnaire’s

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 14 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 RII Value for Frequency of Occurrence for various Delay Factors

Frequency of occurrence

Cause for Delay

Very Low Very High
Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) RII
(1) (5)

Improper Project Planning & Scheduling 2 6 31 23 4 0.6636

Poor site management and supervision 0 10 23 29 4 0.6818

Poor Qualification and Shortage of Technical

3 6 26 24 7 0.6788
Professionals
Obsolete and Outdated methods 2 10 28 23 3 0.6455

Lack of Communication and Coordination 2 8 25 22 9 0.6848

Shortage of skilled Labours 1 8 18 36 3 0.6970

Inadequate and late fund allocation 3 7 23 24 9 0.6879

Improper management of machinery and equipment 2 8 33 20 3 0.6424

Frequent change in Sub-contractors 1 15 25 18 7 0.6455

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 15 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Frequency of occurrence

Cause for Delay

Very Low Very High
Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) RII
(1) (5)

 Poor design and late review of drawing  4 9 27 19 7 0.6485

Change order and Variation order 1 9 34 18 4 0.6455

Unrealistic contract duration 0 16 31 17 2 0.6152

Site mobilization and Resource mobilization 2 11 26 26 1 0.6394

Unethical behaviour by subcontractor to achieve high

2 13 27 22 2 0.6273
profit 

Delay in Payment to subcontractor 5 3 22 24 12 0.7061

Poor safety measures and accidents 3 13 27 19 4 0.6242

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 16 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 RII Value for Severity of Impact for various Delay Factors

Severity of Impact
Cause for Delay
Very Low Very High
Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) RII
(1) (5)

Improper Project Planning & Scheduling 0 9 17 30 10 0.7242

Poor site management and supervision 2 8 19 30 7 0.6969

Poor Qualification and Shortage of Technical

3 9 22 23 9 0.6787
Professionals
Obsolete and Outdated methods 2 14 29 17 4 0.6212

Lack of Communication and Coordination 1 10 17 26 12 0.7151

Shortage of skilled Labours 0 10 20 27 9 0.7060

Inadequate and late fund allocation 3 4 18 31 10 0.7242

Improper management of machinery and equipment 1 10 21 28 6 0.6848

Frequent change in Sub-contractors 1 12 21 20 12 0.6909

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 17 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Severity of Impact

Cause for Delay

Very Low Very High
Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) RII
(1) (5)

 Poor design and late review of drawing  2 8 22 23 11 0.7000

Change order and Variation order 1 7 33 18 7 0.6697

Unrealistic contract duration 1 10 27 20 8 0.6727

Site mobilization and Resource mobilization 1 10 26 21 8 0.6757

Unethical behaviour by subcontractor to achieve high

4 9 25 23 5 0.6484
profit 

Delay in Payment to subcontractor 1 5 19 23 18 0.7575

Poor safety measures and accidents 1 16 15 29 5 0.6636

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 18 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 Ranking of Delay Factors based on RII Analysis

Cause of Delay RII Rank

Delay in Payment to subcontractor 0.7061 1
Shortage of skilled Labors 0.6970 2
Inadequate and late fund allocation 0.6879 3
Lack of Communication and Coordination 0.6848 4
Poor site management and supervision 0.6818 5
Poor Qualification and Shortage of Technical Professionals 0.6788 6
Improper Project Planning & Scheduling 0.6636 7
 Poor design and late review of drawing  0.6485 8
Obsolete and Outdated methods 0.6455 9
Frequent change in Sub-contractors 0.6455 10
Change order and Variation order 0.6455 11
Improper management of machinery and equipment 0.6424 12
Site mobilization and Resource mobilization 0.6394 13
Unethical behaviour by subcontractor to achieve high profit  0.6273 14
Poor safety measures and accidents 0.6242 15
Unrealistic contract duration 0.6152 16

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 19 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 CONCLUSION
 The frequency of occurrence as well as severity of the impact of each element in the questionnaire
survey were examined using the Relative Importance Index (RII) approach.
 The delay in payment to the subcontractor has the highest RII score in both the frequency of occurrence
and severity of impact tables. The RII values obtained were 0.7061 and 0.7575, respectively.
 This result emphasizes the importance of subcontractor payments in construction projects.
 It was also observed that Improper Planning and Scheduling was highest ranked in Literature Studies,
whereas after questionnaire survey Delay in Payment to Sub-Contractor has highest Rank.
 When all these factors highlighted in the research, are controlled by giving its significance, then the
delays observed in the construction projects from the perspective of the Sub-Contractors could be
avoided

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 20 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 REFERENCES
1.Paray, W. A., & Kumar, C. (2017). Delay analysis in construction projects. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(10), 477-479.

2.Meena, V., & Babu, A. K. (2015). Study on Time Delay Analysis for Construction Project Delay Analysis. International Journal of Engineering Research
& Technology, 4(13), 1076-1083.

3.Patil, V. M., Undale, A. M., Singh, G. M., Patil, S. S., Sathe, S. T., & Pisal, V. H. (2017). Analysis of causes of delay in any construction project.
International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research, 4(2), 128-134.

4.Saxena, H., & Tomar, P. S. (2018). Causes and Effects of Delay in Indian Construction Projects. Journal of Advances and Scholarly Research in Allied
Education, 15(9), 231-242.

5.Doloi, H., Sawhney, A., Iyer, K. C., & Rentala, S. (2012). Analysing factors affecting delays in Indian construction projects. International journal of project
management, 30(4), 479-489.

6.Wanjari, S., & Tankkar, B. (2010). A Review of India Centric Studies on Factors Causing Time Overruns in Execution of Construction Projects.
International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(3), 2538-2542.

7.Divi, V. V., & Kumar, S. P. (2017). Analysing delay factors in Indian affecting Construction Projects. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(4), 1938-1953.

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 21 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 8.Kumar, D. (2016). Causes and effects of delays in Indian construction projects. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology,
3(4), 1831-1837.

9.Bagrecha, M. K., & Bais, M. A. (2017). Study on delay construction project in India. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering
Research and Technology, 4(11), 1-5.

10.Wanjari, S. P., & Dobariya, G. (2016). Identifying factors causing cost overrun of the construction projects in India. Indian Academy of
Sciences, 41(6), 679-693.

11.Desai, M., & Bhatt, R. (2013). Critical causes of delay in residential construction projects: case study of central Gujarat region of India.
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 4(5), 762-768.

12.Venkatesh, M. P., Renuka, S. M., Malathi, B., & Umarani, C. (2012). Evaluation of Critical Factors Influencing Resource Allocation in Indian
Construction Projects. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 174, 2774-2777.

13.Mali, M. L., & Warudkar, A. A. (2016). Causes of delay in the construction industry in Pune region of India. International Journal of
Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, 11(2), 45-50.

14.Katkade, S. B., & Ambre, H. P. (2021). Causes of delay and its effect in Building Construction Project. Journal of Emerging Technologies and
Innovative Research, 8(7), 453- 459.

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 22 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 15. Udasi, A. P., & Darade, M. (2018). Analysis of causes and effects of delays in construction projects. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(5), 1382-1390.

16.Bolton, S., Wedawatta, G., Wanigarathna, N., & Malalgoda, C. (2022). Late payment to subcontractors in the
construction industry. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 14(4),
04522018.

17.Elawi, G. S. A., Algahtany, M., & Kashiwagi, D. (2016). Owners’ perspective of factors contributing to project delay:
case studies of road and bridge projects in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Engineering, 145, 1402-1409.

18.Zack, J. G.,& Peters, T. F. (2011). Proving and Pricing Subcontractors Delay Claims. Navigant Consulting, Inc, 1-26.

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 23 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023
 THANK YOU

ICCRIP, NICMAR UNIVERSITY, PUNE 24 Friday, Aug

ust 18, 2023