MIXTURES

WHAT IS A MIXTURE?

 A mixture is made when two or more substances are combined, but they are not combined
chemically.
 General properties of a mixture:
 The components of a mixture can be easily separated
 The components each keep their original properties
 The proportion of the components is variable
TYPES OF MIXTURES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUNDS
AND MIXTURES
PARTICLE MODEL OF MATTER
ALLOYS
HOW ARE ALLOYS MADE?
HOW TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE?

 There are different techniques to physically separate mixtures

1. FILTRATION
2. EVAPORATION
3. DISTILLATION
4. CHROMATOGRAPHY
FILTRATION

 The process in which solid particles

in a liquid or gaseous fluid are
removed by the use of a filter
medium that permits the fluid to
pass through but retains the solid
particles.
EVAPORATION

 Evaporation is great for separating a

mixture (solution) of a soluble solid
and a solvent. The process involves
heating the solution until the solvent
evaporates (turns into gas) leaving
behind the solid residue.
 DISTILLATION

 Distillation refers to the selective boiling and

subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid
mixture.
 It is a separation technique that can be used to either
increase the concentration of a particular component in
the mixture or to obtain (almost) pure components
from the mixture.
CHROMATOGRAPHY

 Chromatography gets its name from a technique first used in the late 19th century to
separate pigments in a complex mixture.
 If a sheet of paper or cloth contacts a container filled with water or alcohol in which a
complex pigment is dissolved, capillary action will carry the mixture up the paper or
cloth, but the components of the pigment will not all travel at the same rate.
 The largest molecules of the mixture will travel more slowly while the smallest ones race
ahead, forming discrete bands of different pigments on the cloth/paper.
 This gives the technique the name “chromatography” or “writing color.”
 CHROMATOGRAPHY

 To get the process started, the mixture is

dissolved in a substance called the mobile
phase, which carries it through a second
substance called the stationary phase.
 The different components of the mixture
travel through the stationary phase at different
speeds, causing them to separate from one
another.
 The nature of the specific mobile and
stationary phases determines which
substances travel more quickly or slowly, and
is how they are separated.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
Graph Key

 The independent variable belongs on the x-axis (horizontal line) of the graph and the
dependent variable belongs on the y-axis (vertical line).
 A dependent variable is one whose value varies in response to the change in the value of
an independent variable.
 An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone
and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.
Is mass conserved when making a solution?
ACIDS

 Acids taste sour – in fact, the German word for acid is sauer.
 Because acids can damage cells, our stomach needs a special lining to protect it from the
hydrochloric acid used to digest our food.
 We are familiar with some acids – citrus fruits, tomatoes and vinegar are acidic.
 An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen (H+) ions when it is added to water. A
hydrogen ion is just the proton and no electron.
 When we put a molecule of acid into water, it breaks apart. The science term for this is that
it dissociates. For example hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and
chloride anions (Cl-).
 Recall – Acid reaction with metals and carbonates
BASES

 Bases feel slippery to touch.

 This is because they can change the structure of proteins.
 A strong base can cause severe chemical burns because it starts to damage the proteins in
your skin.
 Basic substances are used in many cleaning products.
 When bases are added to water, they split to form hydroxide ions, written as OH-.
What Makes Something Acidic or Alkaline?

 Scientists classify substances as acids, bases (also called alkali) or neutral, depending on
characteristics such as taste and pH.
 A pH meter measures how acidic or basic a solution is. When we test a substance with a
pH meter, we get a number from 0–14. This is a pH scale, and it can be used to compare
substances.
 Acids have a pH below 7. The more H+ ions, the more acidic it is and the lower the pH
will be. Bases have a pH above 7. pH 7 is said to be neutral – this means there is a
balance of H+ and OH- ions. Sometimes, the pH value can be less than 0 for very strong
acids or greater than 14 for very strong bases.
NEUTRALIZATION REACTION

 Neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and
involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions
APPLICATIONS OF NEURALIZATION
REACTIONS

 Bases such as Aluminum Hydroxide, Sodium Hydroxide, and Magnesium Hydroxide are
commonly found in antacids.
 Toothpaste is a basic substance that helps to neutralize the acid in our mouth.
 In agriculture, basic fertilizers are used to neutralize acidic soils, while acidic fertilizers
are used to neutralize basic soils.