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Mustafa Gökhan Günay-150609027
Mustafa Gökhan Günay-150609027
DEFINITION
Device used to transfer energy from primary winding to secondary winding by electromagnetic induction. Based on Faradays Law of induction
Where:-
EMF (V)
B Magnetic flux (Wb)
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TRANSFORMER USES
Impedance matching Electrical Isolation AC power transmission
STEP-UP
Transformer Transformer
STEP-DOWN
HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the Induction Ring. 1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs exhibited a device called secondary generator. 1885 William Stanley developed the fist commercially used practical device while working for Westinghouse Electric Company in US.
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INDUCTION THEORY
Transformers behaviour is based on Faradays Law of Induction
Where:-
EMF (V)
N No of turns of wire
INDUCTION THEORY
TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) + Vp(t) Vs(t) Np Ns is(t) +
Np = No of windings on the primary ip = Current into the primary Vp = Voltage across the primary
Ns = No of windings on the secondary is = Current out from the secondary Vs = Voltage across the secondary
LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these losses must come into consideration.
Copper losses (I^2 R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses
Eddy
currents
Hysteresis
losses
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Vp(t)
Rc
jXm
Np
Ns
Vs(t)
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp Is/a Reqp
Vp
Rc
jXm
aVs
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TYPES
Auto-Transformer
Used to change a desirable voltage by only a small amount. For example: 120/132 V
IH VSE
+ +
ISE NSE VH NC
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IL
VL
-
TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers can be constructed in two different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists of three single phase transformers. 2. Three windings wrapped around a common core.
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Delta wye ( Y)
Delta delta ( )
Wye wye (Y Y)
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TYPES
Two types of special purpose transformers used in power systems for taking measurements.
Potential Transformer Current Transformer
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EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to the power in of a transformer.
in an Ideal transformer, no power losses
PIN = VPIP cos P POUT = VSIS cos S PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S
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As mentioned previously, losses occur in a real transformer and these losses must be taken into count. Hence, Real = POUT x 100% PIN = POUT x 100% POUT + PLOSS = VSIScosS_________ VSIS cos S + i2R + (VP/a)2 RC
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VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. Also it compares the VO at no load to VO at full load.