Gerund

Infinitive
Analytical Exposition
 Gerund
A. Pengertian
Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk “ing”
yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda atau kata
sifat. Gerund bisa digunakan sebagai subyek,
obyek, komplemen dan penjelas kata benda
lainnya.
B. Penggunaan Gerund
a. As Subject

Example :
1. Cooking is a good hobby
2. Swimming makes us healthy
3. Driving a car isn’t easy
b. As object
Example:

1. I don’t like smoking

2. Rafi enjoys reading a book
3. They don’t mind coming to the party
c. As of prepositions
Example:

1. He gave up drinking milk

2. She went to sleep after reading the novel
3. Before waving her hand, she smiled at me
4. Ali goes on speaking in the class

Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at,

after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, though,
about, without, for and to.
d. As complement
Gerund sebagai komplement selalu diletakkan
setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)

Example:
1. My hobby is drawing
2. His favourite sport was riding bicycle
e. As Noun Modifier

Example :

1. The waiting room is very large

2. The reading books are on the table
3. She has taken too many sleeping pills
f. As Warning
Example :

1. No smoking
2. No parking
3. No spitting
GO + GERUND
Go Go hiking Go sightseeing
birdwatching
Go buaring Go hunting Go skating
Go bowling Go jogging Go skiing
Go camping Go mountain Go sledding
climbing
Go canoeing Go running Go swimming
Go dancing Go sailing Go tobogganing
Go fishing Go shopping Go window
shopping
REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS
FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
VERB
Admit Regret Delay
Advise Remember Concider
Anticipate Stop Resent
Avoid Complete Resist
Deny Discuss Risk
Enjoy Dislike Suggest
Finish Keep Tolerate
Forget Mention Understand
Can’t help Pospone Apreciate
Mind Practice Recollect
Miss Quit Continue
recall Recommend Excuse
 Infinitive
A. Pengertian
Infinitive adalah kata kerja yang
menggunakan “to” maupun yang tidak
menggunakan to.
B. Penggunaan to Infinitive
a. As subject

Example:
1. To ride with a drunk driver is
dangerous
2. To solve the problem is not easy
b. As modifier of a noun
Example:
1. He took a chair to sit
2. She wants a book to read
3. We need a lot of water to drink
c. As modifier of adjective
Example:
1. The lesson are easy to understand
2. They are happy to pass the entrance
test
3. The tea is too hot to drink
4. She was sad to hear that terrible news
d. As modifier of a Verb
Example :

1. Shabrina went to buy a cracker

2. The come to see us
3. She decided to continue her study
e. Modified of WH-Word or a WH Phrases
Example :

1. He asked me how to do exercise

2. They do not know where to go
3. Tell him which hotel to stay
4. She was conviced when to start the business
REFERENCE LIST OF VERB FOLLOWED BY
INFINITIVES
Afford Demand Need Struggle
Agree Deserve Offer Swear
Appear Expect Plan Threaten
Arrange Fail Prepare Volunteer
Ask Forget Pretend Wait
Beg Hesitate Promise Want
Care Hope Refuse Wish
Claim Learn Regret
Consider Manage Remember
Decide Mean Seem
VERB FOLLOWED BY A (PRO) NOUN + INFINITIVE
Advise Expect Persuade
Allow Forbid Remind
Ask Force Require
Beg Hire Teach
Cause Instruct Tell
Challenge Invite Urge
Convince Need Want
Dare Order Warn
Encourage Permit
 Perbedaan Gerund dan To-
Infinitive
Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive
adalah sebagai berikut :
advise (menasehati) - Intend (bermaksud)
allow (mengijinkan) - Love (mencintai)
attempt (mencoba) - Prefer (lebih menyukai)
begin ( memulai) - Regret (menyesali)
continue(melanjutkan) - Remember (ingat)
forget (melupakan) - start (memulai)
hate (membenci) - stop (menghentikan)
like (menyukai) - try (mencoba)
Beberapa kata kerja tersebut, ada kata kerja yang memiliki
perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti oleh gerund
dan to infinitive seperti,
(like,stop,forget,remember,recall,try,regret)
Example :
1. I stop to smoke.
(artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu
baru kemudian merokok)
I stop smoking.
(artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk
kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain)

2. I forget to give Ghinan a book.

(artinya : saya belum memberi buku kepada Ghinan, dan
saya lupa)
I forgot giving Ghinan a book.
(artinya : saya sudah memberi buku kepada Ghinan, dan
saya lupa)
 Analytical Exposition
A. Pengertian
Analytical exposition adalah jenis teks lisan atau tertulis yang
dimaksudkan untuk membujuk/meyakinkan pendengar atau
pembaca bahwa ada sesuatu yang terjadi.
B. Purpose (Tujuan)
1. untuk meyakinkan dengan menghadirkan argumen
2. untuk menganalisis atau menjelaskan
C. Language Features (Struktur Bahasa yang digunakan)
1. kata-kata yang berhubungan dengan emosi, seperti :
alarmed, worried
2. kata-kata yang memenuhi syarat pernyataan, seperti : usual,
probably
3. kata-kata yang menghubungkan pendapat, seperti : firstly,
however,on the other hand, therefore
4. Biasanya menggunakan tenses present tense and present
perfect tense
5. menggunakan kalimat compound dan complex sentences
D. Generic Structure
1. Thesis
memperkenalkan topik dan menunjukkan
posisi pembicara atau penulis : garis besar
pendapat/argumen yang disajikan.
2. Arguments
terdiri sekitar titik dan elaborasi. Poin
menyatakan argumen utama sementara elaborasi
mengembangkan dan mendukung setiap titik
argumen.
3. Conclusion/ Reiteration
Bagian ini merupakan bagian penutup dari
sebuah teks Analytical Exposition yang selalu
terletak di akhir paragraph. Reiteration berisi
penulisan kembali atau penempatan kembali
main idea yang terdapat di paragraph pertama
Example : Being Fat is a Serious Problem
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity.
It is simply defined as too much body fat inside. Overweight
potentially leads high risk of health problem.
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart
disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work harder.
It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity
potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood pressure. In
addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in
the blood. This will cause diabetes and other serous disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many
young women. They said that becoming too fat will bother
their physical beauty appearance.
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of
obesity. However it is clear enough that overweight is not
good enough for healthy life.
 Generic Structure
Thesis : Do you know if you are too fat, you may have
serious problem with your healt ? A group of doctors
wrote a report about some of the effects of too much fat.
- Arguments : One important effect is on the heart. If you are
fat, your heart has to work harder. This may lead to a heart
attack ; or it may lead to other heart problem.
In addition, extra fat can also change the amount of sugar in
your blood. This can cause serious disease such as diabetes.
Furthermore high blood pressure is another possible result
of being fat.
- Reiteration : More studies are needed about all these problems
but one thing is clear, extra fat may make your life
shorter