L AT I H A N F I S I K

DAN
M E TA B O L I S M E
ENERGI

O l e h : dr. F i t r i a n a R o h m a t u n n i s a d a n d r. B i n t a n g P r a ti w i
P e m b i m b i n g : D R . dr. E r m i t a Isfa n d i a r y I b ra h i m, M S
01

SISTEM
ENERGI
TUBUH
 ENERGY
M E TA B O L I S M
• B O DY = Food → Energy
• Metabolism → w h e n e n z y m e s t ra nsform certain m o l e c u l e s into
ot her m o l e c u l e s t h r o u g h m u l ti - ste p p a t h w ay s
• Catabolic → b re a ks d o w n mol ecul es, releases e n e r g y
• Anabolic → bui l ds u p mol ecul es, requires e n e r g y
• To reg u l ate E n e r g y M eta bo l i s m → AT P
• AT P = Energy Currency

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and
Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• S tored c h e m i c a l e n e r g y t hat li nks t he
C a t a b o l i s m a n d A n a b o l i s m wi t hi n all cells
• AT P e n e r g y reacti on is R e v e r s i b l e
• Hydrolysis

• P h os ph or y l ati on

• P h o s p h o c r e a ti n e (Reservoir = Anaerobi c)

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and
Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
CELLULAR
R E S P I R AT I O N
• P ro c e s s b y w h i c h cells transfer e n e r g y f ro m food
to AT P in a stepw i se series of reacti ons
• Anaerobic → A b s e n c e of O 2 ( Cy to pl a s m)
• Aerobic → P r e s e n c e of O 2 (Mitochondria)

S TA G E S
• 1. G l yc o l y s i s
• 2. C i t r i c A c i d C y c l e
• 3. O x i d ati v e P h o s p h o r y l a ti o n

Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th ed. Cengage Learning; 2016.
01

G LY C O LY S I S
• Anaerobic → O c c u r in C y t o p l a s m
• 10 S e q u e nti a l B r e a kd o w n Re a c ti o n s
• 1 Glucose → 2 P y r u v a t e + 2 AT P + 2 NADH
• N o t effi cient i n t e r m s of E n e r g y Ex tra cti on

Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th ed. Cengage Learning; 2016.
McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology:
Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th ed.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
I n t e r m e d i a te s M n e m o n i c : Girls G e t F i n e Fo o d ; G e n t l e m e n D i n e Girls;
B o y s P r e fe r (to) P i c k (up) P e p p e r o n i P i z z a
 02CITRIC ACID C Y C L E
(KREBS)

• Aerobic → P yr uvate t ra nsported into

Mi to c h o n d r i a l Matrix → Acetyl C o A
• Cycl i cal series of 8 B i o c h e m i c a l R e a c ti o n s
• 2 Pyruvate → 2 A c e t y l C o A (+ 2 N A D H ) →
2 AT P + 6 N A D H + 2 F A D H 2

Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th ed. Cengage Learning; 2016.
McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and
Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
I n t e r m e d i a te s M n e m o n i c : C i t rate Is K r e b s S p e c i a l S u b s t ra t e
F o r M a k i n g O xa l o a c e t a t e
03 O X Y D AT I V E
P H O S P H O R Y L AT I O N
• Aerobic → O c c u r in I n n e r
Mi to c h o n d r i a l M e m b r a n e
• Involves : E l e c t r o n Tra n s p o r t S y s t e m
& AT P S y n t h a s e

• 10 N A D H + 2 FA D H 2 → 2 8 AT P
• El e ctron carried b y N A D H → 2.5 ATP
• El e c t ron carried b y F A D H → 1.5 AT P

Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th ed. Cengage Learning; 2016.
Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th ed. Cengage Learning; 2016.
S u m m a r y of AT P
Production
• F r o m c o m p l e t e O x y d a ti o n of O N E
M o l e c u l e of G L U C O S E

• Total P r o d u c ti o n = 32 AT P
t ransported ou t of t h e Mi tochondri on
into t h e Cytosol for u s e a s t h e cell’s
e n e r g y so urce

Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 9th ed. Cengage Learning; 2016.
T H E M E TA B O L I C
MILL
• O t h e r s o u r c e s of F o o d → Fat, Protein,
other C a r b o hyd rate (besides G lucose)
→ initi ally b ro ke d o w n in u n i q u e
p a t h w ay s
• C i t ri c A c i d C y c l e = Vital link b e t w e e n
food (macronut rient) e n e r g y a n d
c h e m i c a l e n e r g y in AT P

• Mi to c h o n d r i a = E n g i n e of t h e C e l l

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and
Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
ENERGY TRANSFER SYSTEM
Immediate → AT P - P C r
• IM H i g h E n e r g y P h o s p h a t e S o u rc e s

S h o r t Te r m → T h e L a c ti c A c i d S y s t e m
• Sto re d M us c l e G l y c o g e n via A n a e ro b i c
Glycolysis → L a c tate

L o n g Te r m → The Aerobic Syste m

• O 2 c o n s u m p ti o n rises exponenti ally
d u r i n g t h e fi rst m i n u t e s →
Plateau
McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and
Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
02

PRINSIP
L AT I H A N
FISIK
 E X E R C I S E TRAINING
PRINCIPLE
• O v e r l o a d : e n h a n c e s p hys i o l o g i c f uncti on to i n d u c e t ra i ni ng re sp on se
→ additi onal stress ( F I T T- V P )
• S p e c i fi c i t y : a d a ptati on in m e ta b o l i c a n d phys i ol o g i c f uncti ons that
d e p e n d u p o n t h e t yp e a n d m o d e of overload i mp os e d. A n a e ro b i c =
S t r e n g t h - Po w e r ; A erobi c = E n d u r a n c e
• In di v i du a l i ty : ever yone is diff erent a n d re s p o n d s diff erently to
t ra i ni ng
→ Geneti c, M u s cl e fi ber types, Athleti c age, etc (Initi al Values)
• Revers ibi lit y : U s e it or L o s e it! → L o s s of phys i ol og i c a n d
performance
a da ptati on s (detraining)
McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
A C S M : F I T T- V P
• F r e q u e n c y : 3-5 days/week
• I nte n s i t y : Moderate - V i go ro u s
• T i m e : 3 0- 6 0 min/day, >150/week
• Ty p e : l a rge m u s c l e g r o u p s →
c o n ti n u o u s a n d r hy t h m i c
• Vo l u m e : 500-1000 M E T- m i n / we e k
O R 1000 kcal /week
• Pa tt e r n : c o n ti n u o u s / interval /
m u l ti p l e sessions

ACSM’s Guideline for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed.

American College of Sports Medicine; 2018.
03
RESPONS /
A D A P TA S I
M E TA B O L I K
T E R H A D A P L AT I H A N
FISIK
ANAEROBIC SYSTEM CHANGESWITH
TRAINING
• I n c r e a s e d l evel s of A n a e r o b i c S u b s t ra t e s
→ ATP, P Cr, free creati ne, g l y c o g e n (Muscle
R e s ti n g Levels) + S t r e n g t h I m p r o v e m e n t
• I n c r e a s e d q u a n ti t y a n d a c ti vi ty of
k e y A n a e r o b i c e n z y m e s (Glyco lysis )
→ S i g n i fi ca nt in Fa st-Twi tc h M u s cl e
Fi bers
• I n c r e a s e d c a p a c i t y to g e n e r a t e h i g h
l evel s
of b l o o d l a c t ate
→ McArdle
Tolerance to VL.
WD, Katch FI, Katch pain/fatigue
Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
 AEROBIC SYSTEM
CHANGES WITH
TRAINING
• Meta b o l i c A da ptati on s
• C a r d i o v a s c u l a r A d a ptati on s
• P u l m o n a r y A da ptati on s
• B l o o d L a c t a t e C o n c e nt rati o n
• Others → b o d y composition
c h a n ge s , body h e at
transfer, p e r fo r m a n c e
changes
McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
Aerobic : Metabolic Adaptations
• C a p a c i t y for Respiratory control in S ke l e t a l McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology:
Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th ed.
Muscle → co nta i n L a r ge r + N u m e r o u s Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.

M i tochondri a
• Fa t M e t a b o l i s m → increa se oxidati on of fatty
a c i d s for e n e r g y d u r i n g rest a n d s u b m a x i m a l
exercise
• Ca rbohydrate Metabolism → r e d u c e d glucose
p ro d u c ti o n + d e c r e a s e d u s e m u s c l e g l y c o g e n +
plasma-borne glucose
• M u s c l e F i b e r (Slow Twitch) a n d S i z e
(Hypertrophy) → i ncrease qua nti t y of
Myoglobin
 Aerobic : CardioVascular
Adaptations

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
Aerobic : P u l m o n a r y Adaptations
• M ax i m a l E x e r c i s e → i ncrease ti dal v o l u m e and
b r e a t h i n g rate as Max O 2 c o n s u m p ti o n
increas es
• S ub m ax i m a l Exercise → reduce the
venti latory equi va l ent for O 2 a n d lower % of
total exercise O 2 cost att ributable to b r e a t h i n g

• Benefi ts : r e d u c e overall e n e r g y d e m a n d s (less

respi work), r e d u c e lactate p ro d u c ti o n

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
Aerobic : B lood L ac t at e
Concentration
• D e c r e a s e d rate of L a c tat e for mati on
• I nc re a s e d rate of L a c t ate re m o va l
• P r e v e n t O B L A = O n s e t of B l o o d
L a c tate A c c u m u l a ti o n

McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
04

R E KO M E N DA S I
P R O G R A M L AT I H A N
P H Y S I C A L AC T IVIT Y
R E C O M M E N D AT IO N

ACSM’s Guideline for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed.

American College of Sports Medicine; 2018.
 REFERENCES

• M cA rdl e W D , K a t c h FI, K a t c h VL. Exercis e Phys iology: Nutriti on, E n e rg y, a n d

H u m a n Pe r fo r m a n c e . 8 t h ed. L i p p i n c o tt W i l li a m s & Wilkins; 2014.
• P l o w m a n SA. S m i t h D L . Exe rcis e Phys iology: Fo r Health, Fitness, a n d
Pe r fo r m a n c e . 4 t h ed. L i p p i n co tt W i l l ia m s & Wilkins; 2014.
• S h e r w o o d L. H u m a n Physiology: F r o m Cells to Syste m s . 9 t h ed.
Cengage
L e a r n i ng ; 2016.
• A C S M ’s Gu ide line for E xe rcis e Te sti n g a n d Prescripti on. 10 t h ed. A m e r i c a n
C o l l e g e of S p o r t s Medicine; 2018.
THANK
YOU!