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PRAYE
R
 INQUIRIES,
INVESTIGATIO
N, AND
IMMERSION
 SUBJECT
ORIENTATION
February 15, 2021

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION, AND

IMMERSION
 Subject Description
This course aims to engage students in
developing critical thinking and problem solving
skills through qualitative and quantitative
researches. This is intended for grade twelve
students of STEM, ABM, and HUMSS strands.
This subject is integrated to Practical
Research subject of Grade 12 students; hence
focus is also given to grammatical structures
and sentence construction in finalizing the
paper.
THIRD Quarter Subject Content
I. Critiquing of Existing Research Papers
- Subject and Verb Agreement
- Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement
II. Identifying the Problem and Asking
Questions
- Subject and Verb Agreement
- Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement
- Word Usage (Most Confusing Words)
Subject Requirements

Revised Research Paper

 Subject Grading System
COMPONENTS PERCENTAGE

Written Works 25%

Products/Performances 45%
Quarterly Test 30%

Total 100%
 Subject Policies
1.Assignments, Performance Tasks, and
Other Requirements
2.Recitation
3.Group Activities/Tasks/ Oral
Presentations
4.Learning Materials
5.Academic Dishonesty
QUESTIONS???
RESEARC
 WHAT IS
RESEARCH
?
Learning Competencies:
1.Formulate a class research agenda
2.Compare various research design
discussed in the previous research
courses, together with mixed methods to
explain similarities, differences, strengths,
and weaknesses
3.Observe the grammatical correctness in
revising the first part of the paper
 RESEARCH
● The word research was
coined from two words:
re, which means “again”
and the word search,
meaning “to look for
something.
● Research suggests an
action that denotes “To
look for something
again.”
RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
vs.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Research studies that
investigate the quality of
relationships, activities,
situations or materials.
• Attempts “to make sense
of and interpret
phenomena in terms of
the meaning people
bring to them”.
STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Good for examining
feelings and
motivations
• Allows for complexity
and depth of issues
• Provides insights into
the real life situations
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Cohen (1980) stated that quantitative
research is a social research that
“employs empirical methods and
empirical statements.”
• Creswell (1994) specified that
quantitative research is “explaining
phenomena by eliciting numerical data
that are analyzed using statistics.”
• The systematic empirical investigation of
social phenomena using tools of
mathematics and statistics.
WHEN TO CONDUCT A QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
• Basically, if the researcher needs a quantified
answer.
- If behaviors, attitudes, or opinions can be
represented by numbers as to the degree of
agreement, dissatisfaction or awareness, then
use the quantitative method of research.
• If studying changes in behavior,
appropriateness or improvement of a
practice and its effects, numbers can
represent changes.
WHEN TO CONDUCT A QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
• If the research entails getting representatives
of the target population so that a
generalization can be formed through the
extracted responses from the samples
(representative of the population).
• Quantitative research must be utilized if the
research problem is trying to find out how the
whole population feels about a certain concern
(attitudinal/behavioral).
- Quantitative research allows the quantifying
of opinions, attitudes and behaviors.
WHEN TO CONDUCT A QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
• Quantitative research is suitable
to explain scores related to cases.
• If the researcher will test a
hypothesis, then the hypothesis
must be subjected to the rigors of
statistics.
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
● If your study will focus on meaning-
making or in-depth exploration of
experiences and phenomenon,
qualitative research would be more
feasible.
- The “exact” nature of quantitative
research limits the bound of human
experiences.
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
● If your study starts with a phenomenon, a
case, or a concept rooted in human
experiences and you aim to produce a new
concept or hypothesis at the end of the
study, then it is best to use qualitative
research. Quantitative research always
starts with a hypothesis for the end goal of
quantitative research is whether to
“accept” or “fail to accept” the hypothesis
prior to the generalization.
LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
● If variables will be too many and
could not be defined by the
researcher, a qualitative case study
or grounded theory will be more
feasible.
● If your study will be more concerned
with meaning-making than causality
(cause and effect), use qualitative
research.
Using Quantitative Research as a Research Design
• De Vaux (2001) & Trochim (2006)
defined research design as overall
strategy that a researcher chooses to
integrate with the different components
of the study in a coherent and logical
way.
• Yin (1989), an authority in research and
in case study, explained that quantitative
research design deals with logical
problem, not with logistical problems.
Using Quantitative Research as a Research Design
• Quantitative research offers a design
which values the exactness of results
through numerical representation by
collecting data and subjecting them to
statistical methods in order to test (to
“accept” or “fail to accept”) the
hypothesis.
• Quantitative research design
(Creswell,2012) allows the research to
use:
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

INTERVENTION DESIGN NON-INTERVENTION

Explores the possibility whether Associates or relates the variables

and intervention influences an in a predictable pattern for one
outcome for one group as opposed group of individual / Describe a
to another group. trend for a population or sample

Experimental Research Correlational Research

Survey Research

Testing / Method
Types of Quantitative
Research
 Types of Quantitative
Research
● Descriptive Research
- Generally concerned with
investigating, measuring, and describing
one or more aspects or characteristics of
one or more groups, communities, or
phenomenon.
 Types of Quantitative
Research
● Correlational Research
- Kowalezyk (2015) described
correlation research as a study of
relationship among variables.
 Types of Quantitative
Research
● Causal-Comparative Research
- Compares one or more
measurable characteristics of two or
more groups to find the similarities
and differences between them.
 Types of Quantitative
Research
● Experimental Research
- Greyette (1983) explained that experimental research
explores cause-and-effect relationship by comparing two or
more similar groups.
Experimental research, however, is subject to more
extensive ethical standards, especially when the experiment
may cause physical, mental, psychological, or environmental
harm.
 INQUIRIES,
INVESTIGATIO
N, AND
IMMERSION
VARIABLES
 Variables
● The variable is a central idea in quantitative
research.
● Variables may be defined as a characteristic
or attribute that takes on different values.
They are the sets of attributes or
characteristics we ascribe to the individual,
group, or phenomena we are studying.
 Variables
● Variables are measurable attributes or characteristics
that can vary for different cases. These attributes
should be able to take on at least two distinct values
or have at least two distinct categories.
● Variables serve as a basis for collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing and interpreting data in
quantitative research. They allow us to observe,
measure, and describe one or more characteristics or
attribute of a person, group, or community.
 Types
of
Variables
 Independent variables or
change variables
● Variables that cause changes in a
phenomenon or situation. It occurs
prior to all variables.
● Independent variables are also called
treatment, antecedent, manipulated, or
predictor variables.
 Independent variables or
change variables
● For example, the level of affection
exhibited by parents is an independent
variable which influences the academic
performance of their children.
 Dependent variables or
outcome variables
● These are effects brought by the
independent variables.
● In quantitative research, we predict or
associate values of the dependent variables
through the values of the independent
variables.
● Dependent variables are also referred to as
outcome, effect, or response variable.
 Dependent variables or
outcome variables
● For example, the number of
migrants to a host country is a
dependent variable of the
socioeconomic conditions in source
country.
 Intervening variables
● These variables are the links between
dependent and independent variables.
● There are certain phenomena in which,
without the intervening variable, there will be
no observed significant effect to the
dependent variable from the independent
variable (Kumar 1996).
 Antecedent Variables
● Antecedent variables are independent
variables which precede other independent
variables. These are variables which affect
the link between the cause, connecting, and
the effect variables. They increase or
decrease the strength of the relationship
between independent and dependent
variables.
 Antecedent Variables
● For example, you are looking into the positive
relationship between internet usage and political
participation. You encountered similar studies
which disprove the relationship due to Internet
access and censorship. Thus, Internet access
and censorship may be treated as the
antecedent variable.
Measuring
Variables
 Measuring Variables
● Variables can be classified according to the data they
contain. They can be grouped as either categorical
variables or numerical variables.
● Categorical variables or qualitative variables are
those that may be classified into categories or may
be placed in rank orders. Numerical variable or
quantitative variables have numerical values or
measures.
 Measuring Variables
Statistical Data

Categorical Variable Numerical Variable

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

 Nominal Variables
● Nominal variables enable the classification of
individuals, objects, or responses based on a
common property or characteristics. Nominal
measures are limited to descriptive categories.
Nominal measures cannot be ranked.
● Examples: Gender (male or female); College Major
(English, Political Science, Mathematics, etc.);
Religion (Catholic, Muslim, Sikh)
 Ordinal Variables
● Ordinal variables have all the characteristics of a
nominal variable but ranked in a certain order.
The relative position of one case is known.
● Examples: Social class (upper, middle, low);
Competition results such as election results
(first, second, third); Typhoon signal number
(1,2,3)
 Interval Variables
● Interval variables are a type of numerical variable.
An interval measure describes a variable whose
attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances
between adjacent attributes.
● Example: Fahrenheit temperature scale (the
difference between 70 and 80 degrees is the same
as 30 and 40 degrees; but 0 degree does not mean
no temperature); Age
 Ratio Variables
● Ratio variables have the characteristics of nominal,
ordinal and interval measures. They are based on a
fixed starting point or a “true zero point” (Kumar
1996; Babbie 2010).
● Examples: Annual family income in thousands of
pesos (PHP 1200, PHP 2750, PHP 5,644); Number of
students per classroom (38, 74, 54); Voter
throughout per presidential election (38, 162, 985,
33, 510, 092, 27, 782, 735).
Uses of Variables in
Quantitative
Research
 Uses of Variables in Quantitative
Research
● Classifying
- Variables play a principal role in descriptive
research. Through variables, we describe the
phenomenon or population we are studying.
● Measuring
- Variables allow us to measure the frequency,
magnitude, and impact among others of a particular
subject or concept.
 Uses of Variables in Quantitative
Research
● Explaining
- Variables allow one to identify the meaning, purpose, and
the use of social phenomena (Babbie 2010).
● Assessing Relationship
- Quantitative research tests theories through assessing the
relationship between variables. Variables are critical elements of
the relationship between subjects and phenomenon you are
investigating. Through hypothesis, testing, we can examine which
variables are related to which and how these are related to one
another.
 OUTPUT
Identify the errors
found on your
previous quantitative
research paper from
Chapters 1-3.
 RESEARCH CHAPTERS ERRORS FOUND HOW WILL YOU IMPROVE?
Chapter 1 (INTRODUCTION)    

- Background of the Study

- Statement of the Problem
- Conceptual and Theoretical
Framework
- Significance of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation
- Definition of Terms
 
Chapter 2 (REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE)
- Related Literature
- Synthesis
 
Chapter 3 (METHODOLOGY)
 
THANK
YOU!
Do you have any questions?

FB: Loi Cedrick Ramos

Gmail: cedieramos1203@gmail.com

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