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W10 - Z Transform
W10 - Z Transform
W10 - Z Transform
1
Discrete‐time Transfer Function
‐ z Transform ‐
Transform techniques are an important tool in the analysis
of signals and linear time‐invariant (LTI) systems.
where H ( z) h[n]z
n
n
Equation 2
3
Z Transform
The function H(z) is referred to as the z-transform of
h[n]. For a general discrete time signal x[n], the z-
transform X(z) is defined as:
X ( z) x[ n
n
] z n
Equation 3
4
Z Transform
Where r is the magnitude of z and Ω is the angle of z.
The z-transform defined in Equation 3 is often called
the bilateral (or two sided) z transform in contrast to
the unilateral (or one sided) z transform which is
defined as:
X ( z) x[n]z
n 0
n
Equation 5
5
Z Transform
The x[n] and X(z) are said to form a z-transform pair
denoted as :
x[n] X ( z ) Equation 6
6
Z Transform
transform Laplace
Transform continuous
Z
discrete
X[z] Transform
7
Z Transform
x (t) x [n]
Z Transform
X [ z] x[ n
n
] z n
8
Z Transform
(example)
For
x[n] = an u[n]
z
X ( z) then
za z |z|>|a|
X ( z)
za
there is one zero at z = 0
one pole at z = a x[n] = – an u[–n–1]
then
z
X ( z) |z|<|a|
za
9
ROC
As in the case of Laplace Transform, the range of
values of the complex variable z for which the z
transform converges is called the region of
convergence. To illustrate the z transform and the
associated ROC let us consider some examples.
10
ROC
Consider the sequence:
x[n] a n u[n] a real Equation 7
| az
n 0
1 n
|
11
ROC
Thus the ROC is the range of values of z for which
1
| az | 1 or equivalently |z| > |a|. Then
1
X ( z ) (az )
1 n
1
|z| > |a| Equation 8
n 0 1 az
x x
a 1 Im(z) 1 a Im(z)
0<a<1 a>1
13
ROC |z| > |a|
Re(z) Re(z)
x x
-1 a Im(z) a -1 Im(z)
14
ROC
Consider the sequence:
x[n] a nu[n 1] Equation 10
15
ROC |z| < |a|
Im(z) Im(z)
x x
a 1 Re(z) 1 a Re(z)
0<a<1 a>1
16
ROC |z| < |a|
Im(z) Im(z)
x x
-1 a Re(z) a -1 Re(z)
17
Properties of Z Transform
Linearity:
If x1[n] X 1 ( z )
ROC=R1
x2 [ n ] X 2 ( z )
ROC=R2
Then Equation 13
a1 x1[n] a2 x2 [n] a1 X 1 ( z ) a2 X 2 ( z )
R' R1 R2
18
Properties of Z Transform
Time Shifting:
If x[n] X ( z )
ROC=R
Then
x[n n0 ] z n0 X ( z ) Equation 14
R' R {0 | z | }
19
Properties of Z Transform
Multiplication:
If x[n] X ( z )
ROC=R
Then z R ' | z0 | R
z x[n] X
n
0
Equation 15
z0
20
Properties of Z Transform
Time Reversal:
If x[n] X ( z )
ROC=R
21
Properties of Z Transform
Multiplication by n (or differentiation in z):
If x[n] X ( z )
ROC=R
Then dX ( z ) R' R
nx[n] z Equation 17
dz
22
Properties of Z Transform
Accumulation:
If x[n] X ( z )
ROC=R
Then
1 z
k
x[k ]
1 z 1
X ( z)
z 1
X ( z) Equation 18
R ' R {| z | 1}
23
Properties of Z Transform
Convolution:
If ROC=R1
x1[n] X 1 ( z ) ROC=R2
Then x2 [ n ] X 2 ( z )
R' R1 R2
24
Example
Find the z transform of DT signal:
n
x[n] 1.3
25
Solution
X ( z ) Z [ x[n]] x[n]z n Im z
n 0
1.3n z n
n 0
n
1. 3 z 1
1.3
Re z
n 0
1
1 1.3 z 1
z
z 1.3
26
Inverse Z Transform
A. Inversion Formula:
The formal expression for inverse z transform in terms
of an integration in the z-plane
1
2j C
n 1 Equation 20
x[n] X ( z ) z dz
27
Inverse Z Transform
B. Use of Table of z Transform Pairs:
To express X(z) as a sum where X 1 ( z ),... X n ( z ) are
functions with known inverse transforms x1[n],...xn [n]
X ( z ) X 1 ( z ) ... X n ( z ) Equation 21
28
Inverse Z Transform
C. Power Series Expansion:
X(z) is given as a power series in the form
X [ z] x[n]z
n
n
2 1 1 2
... x[2]z x[1]z x[0] x[1]z x[2]z ...
Equation 22
29
Inverse Z Transform
D. Partial Fraction Expansion:
N ( z) ( z z1 )...( z z m )
X [ z] k
D( z ) ( z p1 )...( z pn )
32
Inverse Z Transform
If X(z) has multiple order poles, say pi is the multiple
pole with multiplicity r, then the expansion of X(z)/z
will consist of terms of the form:
1 2 r
2
... r
Equation 26
z pi ( z pi ) ( z pi )
where
1 dk r X ( z)
r k ( z pi ) z z pi Equation 27
k! dz k
33
z transform
The direct formula of inverse z transform
is defined as:
1
1 n 1
x[n] Z [ X ( z )] X ( z ) z dz
2j C
34
Example
Determine the inverse transform of
1
X ( z) 1 2
ROC z 1
1 (3 / 2) z (1 / 2) z
35
Solution
Long Division Method
3 1
1 z ...
2
3 1 1 2
1 z z 1
2 2 3 1 1 2
1 z z
2 2
3 1 1 2
z z
2 2
3 1 9 2 3 3
z z z
2 4 4
7 2
z ...
4 36
Solution
Therefore,
3 1 7 2 15 3 31 4
X ( z ) 1 z z z z ...
2 4 8 16
37
Example
Determine the inverse transform of
1
4 8z
H ( z)
1 6 z 1 8 z 2
38
Solution
Partial Fraction Expansion Method
4 8 z 1 4 8 z 1
H ( z) 1 2
1 6 z 8z (1 4 z 1 )(1 2 z 1 )
12 8
1
1 4z 1 2 z 1
39
Quiz 2d
Determine the inverse transform of
z 1
(a) X ( z ) 2 z
2 z 3z 1 2
41
TQ
42