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Chapter 1 Opt Com
Chapter 1 Opt Com
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Evolution of Communication System
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A communication system transmits information from one place to another,
whether separated by a few kilo-meters or by transoceanic distances.
The development of worldwide telephone networks during the twentieth
century led to many advances in the design of electrical communication
systems beginning from Telegraph towards Light wave system.
Figure 1.1 shows how the BL product has increased through technological
advances during the last century and a half. (BL is a commonly used figure
of merit for communication systems stands for the bit rate–distance
product, where B is the bit rate and L is the repeater spacing).
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from
one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber.
Optical communication systems use high carrier frequencies (~100 THz) in
the visible or near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Evolution of Communication
System……………………………..2
Figure 1.1: Increase in bit rate–distance product BL during the period 1850–2000
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Evolution of Communication System
…………………………..3
They are sometimes called lightwave systems to distinguish them from
microwave systems, whose carrier frequency is typically smaller by five orders
of magnitude (~1GHz).
The need for high bandwidth to satisfy the growing need for long distance
communication all over the word, Optical fiber communication system gets
more emphasis and dominating the others.
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Figure 1.2: Electromagnetic Spectrum
Advantages and
Disadvantages……………………………………..1
Advantages
Much Higher Bandwidth (Gbps): Thousands of channels can be
multiplexed together over one strand of fiber
Immunity to Noise: Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Safety: Doesn’t transmit electrical signals, making it safe in
environments like a gas pipeline.
High Security: Impossible to “tap into.”
Less Loss: Repeaters can be spaced 75 miles apart (fibers can be made
to have only 0.2 dB/km of attenuation).
Reliability: More strong than copper in extreme environmental
conditions.
Size: Lighter and more compact than copper.
Flexibility: Unlike impure, brittle glass, fiber is physically very flexible.
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Advantages and
Disadvantages……………………………………..2
Disadvantages
The cost of interfacing equipment necessary to convert electrical
signals to optical signals. (optical transmitters, receivers)
Splicing fiber optic cable is also more difficult.
Expensive over short distance.
Requires highly skilled installers.
adding additional nodes is difficult
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Components of Optical Communication
System………………1
It consists of a transmitter, a communication channel, and a receiver,
the three elements common to all communication systems.
Figure 1.3 shows a block diagram of an optical communication system.
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Components of Optical Communication
System………………2
Optical communication systems can be classified into two broad
categories: guided and unguided.
Guided lightwave system
It is a system in which the optical beam emitted by the transmitter remains
spatially confined.
it is realized in practice by using optical fibers.
Since all guided optical communication systems currently use optical fibers,
the commonly used term for them is fiber-optic communication systems.
Unguided optical communication systems
It is a system in which the optical beam emitted by the transmitter spreads in
space, similar to the spreading of microwaves.
Unguided optical systems are less suitable for broadcasting applications than
microwave systems because optical beams spread mainly in the forward
direction (as a result of their short wavelength).
Their use generally requires accurate pointing between the transmitter and the
receiver.
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Generations of Light-wave
System………………………………….1
Second-generation
Operate at bit rates of up to 1.7 Gb/s with a repeater spacing of about 50 km.
The repeater spacing of the second-generation lightwave systems was limited by
the fiber losses at the operating wavelength of 1.3 μm (typically 0.5 dB/km).
Third-generation
Operates at 2.5 Gb/s with repeaters separation from 60-70km became available
commercially in 1990.
It operates at 1.55 μm and was considerably delayed by large fiber dispersion near
1.55 μm.
Its best performance is achieved using dispersion-shifted fibers in combination
with lasers oscillating in a single longitudinal mode.
Such systems are capable of operating at a bit rate of up to 10 Gb/s.
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Generations of Light-wave
System………………………………….3
Fourth generation
makes use of optical amplification for increasing the repeater
spacing and of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for
increasing the bit rate.
The WDM technique led to lightwave systems operating at a bit rate
of 10 Tb/s.
In most WDM systems, fiber losses are compensated periodically
using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers spaced 60–80 km apart.
Fifth generation
Fiber-optic communication systems is concerned with extending the
wavelength range over which a WDM system can operate
simultaneously.
The conventional wavelength window, known as the C band, covers
the wavelength range 1.53–1.57μm.
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