This document describes different types of foundations based on soil and groundwater conditions. It outlines eight main types of foundations: dry, wet, partially submerged, fully submerged, dry fissured rock, wet fissured rock, hard rock, and wet black cotton soil. It provides guidance on adopting the appropriate foundation type based on the soil composition, depth of groundwater, and presence of rock or black cotton soil. Special foundations like pile foundations and raised chimneys are also mentioned.
This document describes different types of foundations based on soil and groundwater conditions. It outlines eight main types of foundations: dry, wet, partially submerged, fully submerged, dry fissured rock, wet fissured rock, hard rock, and wet black cotton soil. It provides guidance on adopting the appropriate foundation type based on the soil composition, depth of groundwater, and presence of rock or black cotton soil. Special foundations like pile foundations and raised chimneys are also mentioned.
This document describes different types of foundations based on soil and groundwater conditions. It outlines eight main types of foundations: dry, wet, partially submerged, fully submerged, dry fissured rock, wet fissured rock, hard rock, and wet black cotton soil. It provides guidance on adopting the appropriate foundation type based on the soil composition, depth of groundwater, and presence of rock or black cotton soil. Special foundations like pile foundations and raised chimneys are also mentioned.
DEPTH OF GROUND WATER TABLE DENSITY OF STRATA TYPES OF FOUNDATION DRY WET PARTIALLY SUBMERGED(PS) FULLY SUBMERGED (FS) DRY FISSURED ROCK (DFR) WET FISSURED ROCK (WFR) HARD ROCK WET BLACK COTTON SOIL (WBC) Classification of foundation Fissured rock: Where decomposed or fissured rock, hard gravel, kankar, limestone, laterite soil is encountered. Hard rock:The locations where chiselling, drilling and blasting is required for excavation. Anchors provided to resist uplift force. Classification of Foundations WET where water level <1.5m from ground level. Partially Submerged water level between 0.75m and 1.5 m from GL. Fully Submerged water level less than 0.75 m from ground level. SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS. Pile foundation: Pile foundations are normally provided either in river beds or banks depending upon the soil condition.---Cast-in-situ RCC vertical piles are normally adopted in Powergrid. Raised Chimney: In locations where water logging is anticipated for a considerable period then the raised chimney foundations are found to be suitable. Differential tower legs: In hilly terrains differential legs are suitable. Benching and revetment works can be regulated due to this. Adoption Of Foundation in different soils Sl No. Types Of Soil Type of Foundation
(1) (2) (3)
1. a) In good soil
b)Where black cotton soil does not extend Normal dry
beyond 30%of the depth from top with good soils thereafter
c)Silty sand mixed with clayey soil (In all
the above cases water table is not encountered in the pit) 2. a) In paddy fields and sugarcane fields
b) Where Black Cotton soil exceeds 30
and extends upto 45 % from the ground level and good soil thereafter c) Where sub – soil water is Wet encountered in the pit beyond 1.5 m from ground level d) Where silty soil mixed with clayey soil and water encountered into the pit beyond 1.5 m above ground level 3) a) Where Black Cotton soil exceeds upto 60% of the depth from G.L. and good soil thereafter. b) Where sub – soil water is Partially Submerged encountered in the pit between 0.75 m and 1.5 m depth from ground partially level c) Where silty sand mixed with clayey soil and water table in the pit is between 0.75 m and 1.5 m depth from ground level 4.) a) Where sub soil water is encountered in the pit within 0.75 m from ground level b) Where silty sand mixed with clayey Fully Submerged soil and water table in the pit is within is 0.75 m from G.L. 5) a) Where normal soil encountered with fissured rock at the bottom without the presence of water. b) Where fissured rock is predominant Dry Fissured Rock in the pit without the presence of water. c) Where Hard Rock thickness at the bottom of the pit is less than 2 m 6) a) Where fissured rock is encoutered Wet Fissured Rock with sub soil water after 1.5 m depth from ground.
b) Where fissured rocks are Soil Investigation is to
encountered with sub soil water within be properly conducted 1.5 m depth from ground at this location and the contractor has to develop new fdn. Design based on soil report and get approved from Engg. Department 7) a) Wherever hard rock is encountered Hard Rock and the thickness of hard rock below the bottom of fdn. Is more than 2 m b) Wherever hard rock is encountered Soil investigation is to with sub soil water be conducted at this location and the Contractor has to develop new fdn. Design based on soil report and get approved from Engg. Dept.
8) Wherever Black cotton soil extends Black Cotton soil fdn.
beyond 60% of the depth from the ground level. Black Cotton Soil In Combination With Rock Sl. No. Types Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation
(1) (2) (3)
1. Black Cotton Soil with fissured
rock combination
a) If fissured rock is encountered Dry fissured rock as
at the bottom of the pit (with per approved drg. May black cotton soil at top) for a be adopted with wet depth of not less than1000mm or chimneys because of the thickness of the bottom slab black cotton soil concrete of dry fissured rock encountered in the top foundation whichever is less portion of the pit b) If fissured rock in combination Wet fissured rock of water is encountered at the foundation is to be bottom of the pit with black cotton adopted soil at the pit. 2) Black cotton soil with hard rock combination
a) If the hard rock is encountered Hard rock foundation
at the bottom of the pit (with design to be adopted black cotton soil at the top) and with wet chimneys the thickness of the hard rock because of the black layer depth is more than 2 m cotton soil at the top b) If hard rock at the bottom of Fissured rock the pit with black cotton soil at the foundation design to be top and hard rock layer depth is adopted with wet less than 2 m chimneys because of the black cotton soil at the top c) If hard rock is encountered at Wet fissured rock the bottom with water and the foundation as per black soil at the top and hard rock approved drgs. Are to layer depth is less than 2 m be adopted Sand In Combination with Sub Soil Water Sl. No. Types Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation
(1) (2) (3)
1) Predominantly sand mixed with Dry sandy soil
clay or other soil (without sub soil foundation may be water) adopted. 2) Predominantly sand mixed with FS/ Wet sandy soil soils encountered with sub soil foundation may be water in the pits adopted depending on water table. 3) Pure sand encountered with sub Same as Above soil water inside the pit Clay Mixed With Silty Sand Sl No. Type Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation
(1) (2) (3)
1) Pure Clay Encountered Without Dry Black Cotton
Water foundation may be adopted 2) Predominantly clay mixed with silty Wet Black Cotton sand encountered with sub soil Foundation May be used water in the pits 3) Predominantly silty sand mixed Normal fdn. Based on with clay encountered with sub soil the water table water classification may be adopted Clay Mixed With Silty Sand Sl No. Type Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation
(1) (2) (3)
1) Pure Clay Encountered Without Dry Black Cotton
Water foundation may be adopted 2) Predominantly clay mixed with silty Wet Black Cotton sand encountered with sub soil Foundation May be used water in the pits 3) Predominantly silty sand mixed Normal fdn. Based on with clay encountered with sub soil the water table water classification may be adopted