Module II

Single phase AC circuits: Single phase emf

generation, Representation of sinusoidal waveforms, average,
effective, peak and rms values, j operators, phasor concept,
Analysis of single-phase ac circuits consisting of R, L, C, RL, RC,
RLC combinations (series and parallel) Instantaneous Power in AC
Circuits, Real power, reactive power, apparent power, Power
Factor, Power triangle, Complex Power.
Lecture 14 ( Date: 17/07/2021 )

 Mathematical Representation of Phasor.

 AC circuit Analysis
 1. Purely Resistive Circuit :
 2. Purely Inductive Circuit
 3. Purely Capacitive Circuit
 4. Series RL circuit
Mathematical Representation of Phasor.

Ɵ = tan-1 (b/a)
Significance of Operator j
 Symbol j is used to indicate the counter-clockwise rotation of a vector through
90º.
 It is assigned a value of
 Write the equivalent exponential and polar forms of vector 3 + j4.
 Rectangular form is best suited for addition and subtraction of vector quantities .

 E1 = a1 + jb1 and E2 = a2 + jb2

 Addition. E = E1 + E2 = (a1 + jb1) + ( a2 + jb2) = (a1 + a2) + j(b1 + b2 )
 Subtraction. E = E1 − E2 = (a1 + jb1) − (a2 + jb2) = (a1 − a2) + j(b1 −b2)
 Multiplication and division of vectors becomes very simple and easy if they are
represented in the polar form or exponential form.
 AB = A∠α × B ∠β = AB ∠ (α + β) or AB = Aejα × Bejβ = ABe j(α + β)
 AC circuit Analysis
 1. Purely Resistive Circuit :
 The Fig.1 an AC circuit consisting of a pure resistor to which an alternating
voltage vt=Vm sinωt is applied.
 Equations for Voltage and Current
 Applied Voltage

Fig 1 : Pure Resistor Connected to AC Supply

 According to ohm’s law , Resulting Current=
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑚=
𝑅
Where.
𝑉 V= rms value of applied voltage
𝐼=
𝑅 I = rms value of current
R= resistance in ohms.
 Cont..
 Waveforms and Phasor Diagram

Fig 3:Phasor Diagram of Voltage & Current

Fig2 : Waveform of Voltage & Current for Pure Resistor for Pure Resistor
 Cont…
 Power : The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by the
product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current.

The average power consumed by purely resistive

circuit is multiplication of Vrms & Irms
 2. Purely Inductive Circuit
 The Fig.4 shows an AC circuit consisting of a pure Inductor to which an
alternating voltage vt=Vm sinωt is applied.
 Equations for Voltage and Current
 Applied Voltage ,
 Resulting Current ,
Due to self-inductance of the coil, there will be emf
indued in it. This back emf will oppose the instantaneous Fig 4 : Pure Inductor Connected to
rise or fall of current through the coil, it is given by AC Supply

As, circuit does not contain any resistance, there is no ohmic drop and hence applied voltage is
equal and opposite to back emf.
 Cont.. Waveform and Phasor Diagram

Fig 5: Waveform of Voltage & Current for Pure

Inductor

Fig 6:Phasor Diagram of Voltage &

The current lags the voltage by 900 in a purely inductive Current for Pure Inductor
Cont…
 Power : The instantaneous value of power drawn by this circuit is given by
the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current.

The average power consumed by purely inductive circuit is zero

 3. Purely Capacitive Circuit

 The fig shows a capacitor of capacitance C

farads connected to an a.c. voltage supply vt=Vm
sinωt.
Fig7: Pure capacitor connected AC supply
 Equations for Voltage & Current

Fig 8 : waveform for pure capacitor Fig 9: Phasor diagram for

pure capacitor
 Instantaneous power

 Average Power

The average power consumed by purely capacitive circuit is zero.

 4. Series RL circuit
 Consider a circuit consisting of a resistor of
resistance R ohms and a purely inductive coil of
inductance L henry in series as shown in the
Fig.10.
 Equations for Voltage and Current
i. In the series circuit, the current it flowing through R and L Fig10 :
will be the same.
ii. But the voltage across them will be different. The vector
sum of voltage across resistor VR and voltage across
inductor VL will be equal to supply voltage vt.
Cont…
 The magnitude of supply voltage is

Thus, from the above, it can be said that the current in series R-L
circuit lags the applied voltage V by an angle  .

Where, Z = impedence of the circuit (unit

ohm )
 Waveforms:

 The voltage and current waves in R-L

series circuit is shown in Fig. 10

Figure13: Waveform of Voltage and

Current of Series R-L Circuit
Voltage Triangle, Impedance Triangle, Power Triangle of RL
circuit
 Cont…

 It shows that current phasor is lagging behind the voltage phasor by φ°. The numerical value of current is
V/Z.

It shows that current phasor is lagging behind the voltage phasor by φ°. The numerical value of
current is V/Z.
 Cont…

• Thus, the instantaneous values of the power consist of two components.

• First component is constant w.r.t. time and second component vary with time.
Average Power in RL circuit
 Q1. A coil has an inductance of 50 mH and negligible resistance. Find its
reactance at 100Hz.
 XL = 31.4 ohm
 Q2. A coil of resistance 100 ohm and inductive reactance 200 ohm is
connected across a supply voltage of 230 V. Find the supply current.
 Lecture 15 (Date : 06/02/2021)

 5. Series Resistance-Capacitance Circuit

 6. Series RLC Circuit
5. Series Resistance-Capacitance Circuit
Voltage Triangle, Impedance Triangle, Power Triangle of RC circuit
Cont…
 6. Series RLC Circuit
 Consider a circuit consisting of a resistor of R ohm, pure inductor of inductance
L henry and a pure capacitor of capacitance C farads connected in series.

Current I is taken as reference.

VR is drawn in phase with current,
VL is drawn leading I by 900,
VC is drawn lagging I by 900
 Since VL and VC are in opposition to each other, there can be two cases:

 (1) VL > VC
 (2) VL < VC
Case-1 When, VL > VC, the phasor diagram would be as in the figure 4.36
 The angle  by which V leads I is given by

 Thus, when VL > VC the series current I lags V by angle  .

 Power consumed in this case is equal to series RL circuit,

Case-2 When, VL < VC, the phasor diagram would be as in the figure 4.37

 The angle  by which V lags I is given by,

Cont…

 Thus, when VL < VC the series current I leads V by angle  .

 Power consumed in this case is equal to series RC circuit.