Chapter 9:

Cellular Respiration
Harvesting
Chemical Energy
Bioenergetics
Oxidation and Reduction

 Oxidation is the Loss of Electrons

• E.g., something that is oxidized in the course of a
chemical reaction with Oxygen has had electrons
stolen by Oxygen
 Reduction is the Gain of Elections
• E.g., a gain of electrons results in a decrease
(reduction) in electrical charge (since electrons carry
a negative charge)
• Metal ores are “Reduced” to metals (via the addition
of electrons)—metals found in ores are in an oxidized
form relative to metals found as metals
Reducing Agents: NAD+

Recall that as carbon is

increasingly oxidized, fewer
and fewer hydrogens are
bound to the carbon
Dehydrogenases
 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Nicotinamide
NAD+!
Dinucleotide

Adenine
Big Energy Powers Engines Rapid release of
energy
associated with
electrons

Big machines are

required to
harness “big”
energy
Movement Toward Equilibrium in Steps

“Little” machines are better at

doing things in “little” steps
Chemical Energy Release in Small Steps
Electrons are
removed in
multiple steps
(e.g., NAD+)

Energy from
electrons are
also removed in
small steps

O2 is very
“Spent” electrons
easy to
reduce oxygen reduce
ATP Genesis in Eukaryotes
Glycoslysis

Glycolysis feeds material to

electron transport chains plus
makes ATP in its own right

Note in eukartyotic
cells that glycolysis
takes place in the
cytoplasm, i.e., outside
of the mitochondria
Substrate-Level Phophorylation

Phosphate Requires
donated directly specific enzyme
to ADP and substrate
Overiew of Glycolysis “Priming” ATP

“Payoff” ATP

Net ATP

These are a
“problem”
 Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
ATP ATP
Glucose P

ADP ADP P

Glyceraldehyde
(2x) Pi + NAD+ 3-phosphate (x2)

cellular respiration
or fermentation
P P + NADH + H+ (2x)
1,3-biphosphoglycerate

Pyruvate (x2)

ATP ATP cellular respiration

(2x) (2x) or fermentation
Steps of Glycolysis
First priming
ATP

Phosphorylated
hexose
 Isomerization
step
Steps of Glycolysis

Second
priming ATP

Biphosphorylated
Hexose
Steps of Glycolysis

Sugar-splitting
(glyo-lysis) Phosphorylated
step trioses
 This reaction is driven to the right by
the removal of reactant to the right
Steps of Glycolysis

Note that these are phosphorylated

versions of the two simplest sugars
Steps of Glycolysis

This is
where
NAD+ is
required

Note
Note that stoichiometry is inorganic
two of these reaction
pathways per starting phosphate
glucose (hence the 2s)
 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Dehydrogenase

products
substrates

Have to have NAD+

for glycolysis to work
enzyme
Steps of Glycolysis
First ATPs
produced (2)

This is a
substrate-level
phosphorylation
step

Movement of
phosphate
 Increase in
Steps of Glycolysis
electron density
near phosphate

Second ATPs
produced (2)

Three-carbon
product
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

More stable
because can
exist in two
forms
 Into the Mitochondria
Oxidation of
pyruvate step
Oxidation of Pyruvate
2nd and 3rd
NADH

Production of
first CO2
 Acetyl CoA

Coenzyme A
acetyl
Removal of Rest of CO2s and Energy

Krebs cycle
converts
remaining
carbons (2 x 2)
to CO2s
Oxaloacetate  Citrate

What’s this?
a.k.a., Citric Acid
a.k.a., Tricarboxylic Acid
Outline of Krebs Cycle

Note that there

are 2 Acetyl
CoAs per
glucose so 2
turns per
glucose

Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Krebs Cycle in Detail Note acetyl CoA

Note citric acid

Note
conversion of
Note carboxyl
formation of groups to
FADH2 CO2
Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport System Note different
locations of
addition of
electrons

Series of
redox
reactions
Note addition
of both
electrons and
protons to Not shown is
oxygen proton
pumping!
ATP Synthase / Chemiosmosis
Not shown is
where the
proton
gradient
came from

The proton
gradient is used
to power ADP
phosphorylation
Electron Transport & Oxidative Phosphorylation
Note proton
pumping

No O2, no ATP
ATP Bookkeeping
  One glucose yields:
• 2 ATP in glycolysis
ATP Bookkeeping
• 2 NADH in glycolysis
• 2 NADH as pyruvate enters citric acid cycle
• 2 ATP in citric acid cycle
• 6 NADH in citric acid cycle
• 2 FADH2 in citric acid cycle
 That’s 2 + 6 – 2 + 6 + 2 + 18 + 4 = 36
 The “– 2 is” an NADH transportation into the
mitochondria cost
 That’s 2 + 6 – 0 + 6 + 2 + 18 + 4 = 38 in bacteria
(where cytosol and inside of “mitochondrium” are
equivalent)
Anaerobic Respiration

…employs an
inorganic
molecule other
than O2 as a
terminal electron
acceptor.

Less ATP is
produced because
these electron
acceptors require
more energetic
electrons
 H+ H+ H+

e-
coQ cytC

coQ cytC

coQ
e -
e-

e.g., NADH, e.g., 02, N03-,

e donor
-
FADH2, H2, Fe2+, CO2, Fe3+, S0, e- acceptor
H2S, S0… …
Controlling Cellular Respiration
Feeding Cellular Respiration
 H+ H+ H+
e- acceptors

products
e-
coQ cytC

NADH + H+ coQ cytC

e- coQ
e- e-
e-
pyruvate e- H+ H+
e- respiration
H+
H
+ O2
fermentative
pathways H2O
lactic acid NAD+
(etc.) ethanol to glycolysis
 Alternative
means of NAD+
regeneration
Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

To glycolysis
Alcohol Fermentation

To glycolysis

To beer
Mixed-Acid Fermentation (e.g., E. coli)

This is why we fart! 

The End