Unit 1 Chem L2 Applied Science

Chemistry revision
Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

What would we find in this table?
Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Where is all of the mass of an atom kept?

Therefore, what does the mass number tell you?
Why is the charge of an atom always zero?

Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton +1 1 Nucleus
Neutron 0 1 Nucleus
Electron -1 0.0005 Outer shells

How to work out what is in an atom
• Number of protons = Atomic number
• Number of electrons = Number of protons
• Mass number = number of neutrons + protons
• Number of neutrons = Mass number – atomic number

C4 - Calculations
Complete the table
Element Symbol Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons

number number
(A) (Z)
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1
6
Ca
Iron
70
Ag
79
Lead

Peer mark
Element Symbol Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons

number number
(A) (Z)
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 0 1
Carbon C 12 6 6 6 6
Calcium Ca 40 20 20 20 20
Iron Fe 56 26 26 30 26
Gallium Ga 70 31 31 39 31
Silver Ag 108 47 47 61 47
Gold Au 197 79 79 118 79
Lead Pb 207 82 82 125 82

Why do these group 1 elements have similar chemical
properties?
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium

Key point
Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in
their outer shell.
Due to this
they have
similar
properties.

Metals and non-metals
Where are metals and non-metals found on the PT?

Metals
Metals lose electrons to have a full outer shell of electrons.
They have more protons than electrons and therefore become

positive ions.

Non-metals
Non-metals gain electrons and become negative ions.
An exception to this rule is hydrogen which is a non-metal but

does form a positive ion.

Copy and complete
Group Number of Number of Ions formed
Number electrons in electrons to
outer shell be gained or
lost
1
2
3
5
6
7

Group Number of Number of Ions formed
Number electrons in electrons to
outer shell be gained or
lost
1 1 -1 Positive (+1)
5 5 +3 Negative (-3)

Discuss
● What about group 0 elements?

● What do these have in common?
● What do you think this means in terms of reactivity?

The Noble Gases
Also known as the group 0 elements.
The noble gases have a full outer shell of electrons making them
very stable.
This full outer shell means they do not want to react with other
elements.

What makes an element?
An element is defined by the number of protons.
If the number of protons is changed then you have a different

element.
For example the element oxygen has 8 protons, but if you took one
of the protons away how many protons would there be?
You would now have the element nitrogen which has 7 protons.

What would happen if we changed the number of
electrons?
We can change the number of electrons an atom has and it will still
be the same element as long as we keep the number of protons the
same.
However electrons have a negative charge.
What will change is the charge that that atom has.

What is a charge on an atom?
Let’s take a look at at a sodium

atom.
Na We know that sodium has 11

protons and 11 electrons.
Sodium has 1 electron in its outer

shell.
11 protons (charge +11) If it can it will give this electron
11 electrons (charge -11) away.
overall charge = 0

How is a sodium ion formed?
+
loses
1 electron Na
It started with 11 electrons and loses 1 electron.

The sodium ion now has:
10 electrons
But still has 11 protons

What charge will the sodium ion have?
+
loses
1 electron Na
10 electrons (charge of -10)

But still has 11 protons (charge of +11)
There is more positive protons than negative
electrons so the charge is positive +1
(which is written as +)

What about an atom that gains electrons?
Let’s look at sulphur.

16 protons
Sulphur has 6
(charge +16)
S electrons in its outer
16 electrons shell and can gain
(charge -16) two electrons.

What will the charge be on the sulphur ion?
2-
gains
2 electrons
S
16 protons (charge +16)

18 electrons (charge -18)
There is less positive protons than negative
electrons so the charge is negative -2
What would happen if we changed the number of
neutrons?
Neutrons do not have any charge so the charge on the atom would
stay the same.
Each neutron has a mass of 1, so the mass of the atom would

change.
The number of protons stays the same so it would still be the same
element but would have a different mass number.
We call this an isotope.

Isotopes
However as they have different number of neutrons their mass

will change and so their physical properties can change (for
example boiling point).
Each element can have different isotopes. The mass number in

the periodic table represents the average mass of the different
isotopes.

Isotopes
Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.5. It has the following

isotopes.
Chlorine-35
Chlorine-37
Compare the two chlorine isotopes; Cl-35 and Cl-37
Compare - To describe the similarities and/or differences

between things, not just write about one

Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.5. It has the following
isotopes.
Chlorine-35
Chlorine-37
Compare the two chlorine isotopes; Cl-35 and Cl-37
Chlorine-35 has 17 protons, 17 electrons and 18

neutrons which means it has an atomic mass of 35.
Chlorine-37 has the same number of protons and
electrons as chlorine-35, but has more neutrons (20).
This means it has an atomic mass of 37.

Relative atomic mass
Relative atomic mass is the average mass

of a large number of atoms of that element.
As some elements have different isotopes,

the percentage abundance of each isotope
affects the relative atomic mass.

Formula for relative atomic mass
Worked example:
Chlorine-35 has a percentage abundance of 75%
Chlorine-37 has a percentage abundance of 25%
What is the relative atomic mass for chlorine?

Worked example
Chlorine-35: 75% Chlorine-37: 25%
Relative atomic = (35 x 75) + (37 x 25)

mass 100
= 3550
100
= 35.5

Work out the relative atomic mass
Copper-63: 70% Copper-65: 30%
Relative atomic = (63 x 70) + (65 x 30)

mass 100
= 6360
100
= 63.6

Work out the relative atomic mass
Lithium-6: 7.6% Lithium-7: 92.4%
Relative atomic = (6 x 7.6) + (7 x 92.4)

mass 100
= 692.4
100
= 6.9

How many electrons per shell?
Shells nearest the nucleus are filled first.
1st shell holds

a maximum of
2 electrons
2nd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons
3rd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons
This electron arrangement is written as 2,8,8.

23
11
Na
How many
electrons?
Two electrons
in the first
shell
Na
9 left

Eight
electrons in
the second Na
shell
One left

The last
electron in the
3rd shell
Na
We can write
this
configuration
as:
2,8,1

Rules to remember
If you know what group it is in, you know how many electrons are
in the outer shell.
For example:
Magnesium is in group 2 – it has 2 electrons in the outer shell
Chlorine is in group 7 – it has 7 electrons in the outer shell

Compound formulae
The formula of a compound tells you what elements it contains and

how many atoms of each element are in the compound.
When there is no number against the element’s symbol, it means

there is only one atom of that type present.

Example question:
The formula for sulphuric acid is H2SO4. How many of each type
of atom is there?
Hydrogen, H – 2
Sulphur, S – 1
Oxygen, O - 4

Some important compounds to remember:
Hydrochloric acid – HCl

Sulfuric acid – H2SO4
Nitric acid – HNO3
Sodium carbonate – Na2CO3
Copper (II) carbonate - CuCO3
Calcium carbonate - CaCO3
Hydrogen – H2
Carbon dioxide – CO2
Copper (II) oxide – CuO
Zinc oxide – ZnO
Sodium hydroxide - NaOH
Example question:
How many of each type of atom is there in copper (II) carbonate?
CuCO3
Copper, Cu - 1
Carbon, C – 1
Oxygen, O - 3

Example question:
How many of each type of atom is there in sodium carbonate?
Na2CO3
Sodium, Na – 2
Carbon, C - 1
Oxygen, O - 3

Example question:
How many of each type of atom is there in sodium hydroxide?
NaOH
Sodium, Na – 1
Oxygen, O – 1
Hydrogen, H - 1

Elements
An element is made up of only one type of atom. There are 92

elements in the periodic table.

Compounds
A compound is formed by two or more elements that have reacted

and joined together. The elements are joined together by chemical
bonds.

Mixtures
A mixture is made when two or more elements or compounds are

combined together but are not joined together by chemical bonds.
This means the chemical properties of the elements or compounds
do not change in a mixture.

Don’t get confused about molecules
A molecule is made up of two or more atoms joined together by
chemical bonds. The atoms may be the same, like in the element
oxygen, or different, as in the compound carbon dioxide.

Question: describe the difference between a
mixture and a compound
A mixture is where two substances are mixed

together but are not joined by chemical bonds. A
compound is where two or more atoms react and
are joined together by chemical bonds

Acid, bases and alkalis
All substances can be put into 1 of 3 categories: acid, base or

neutral. Some bases dissolve in water to make alkalis. An
indicator can be used to show if a substance is acidic, alkaline or
neutral.

The pH scale

Acids
• Acids have a pH of less than 7
• Stronger acids have a lower pH
• Strong acids turn universal

indicator red and weaker acids
turn it orange or yellow
• An acid turns blue litmus paper

red

Neutral
• Neutral solutions have a pH of 7
• Neither acidic or alkaline
• Turns universal indicator green
• Does not change the colour of litmus

paper

Alkalis
• Alkalis have a pH of more than 7
• Stronger alkalis have a higher pH
• Strong alkalis turn universal

indicator purple and weaker
alkalis turn it blue-green
• An alkali turns red litmus paper

blue

A base or an alkali?
A base is a substance that can react with an acid to neutralise it.

Most bases, like copper oxide (CuO), will not dissolve in water.
An alkali is a type of base – it has all the properties of a base (it

can neutralise an acid), however an alkali can dissolve in water.

Flashcard time!
Compare a base and an alkali
A base is a substance that can neutralise an acid. It cannot dissolve

in water. An alkali is a type of base, however it can dissolve in
water.

Neutralisation reactions
It is possible to neutralise an acid or base by carrying out a

neutralisation reaction.
When you add an acid to a base, they can react to produce a neutral
substance. However, you need the right amounts.
Too much acid or too little base —> no neutralisation

Correct amount of acid + correct amount of base —> neutralisation
Too little acid or too much base —> no neutralisation

Products of neutralisation reaction
A neutralisation reaction usually produces a SALT and WATER.
Acid + Base —> Salt + water

Reactions of acids with carbonates
Metal carbonates react with acids to form three products

• A salt
• Carbon dioxide
• Water
The only carbonates you need to know about are

• Sodium carbonate
• Copper carbonate
• Calcium carbonate

Tests for hydrogen and carbon dioxide
Reactions of acids with metals produce hydrogen gas, and

reactions of acids with a carbonate produce carbon dioxide.
How can we check that one of these reactions has occurred?

Test for hydrogen gas
To test for hydrogen, places lighted splint into a test tube

containing the gas. If hydrogen is present, there is a “squeaky pop”
sound.

Test for carbon dioxide
To test for carbon dioxide, bubble the gas produced in a reaction

through limewater.

Hazard symbols
Many substances can be harmful, so these are given symbols that

are recognised all over the world. This is so that people from
different countries who speak different languages will be able to
recognise the hazard symbols and know to be careful.

Corrosive
Avoid contact with the skin as it attacks and destroys living tissue.
Strong acids and strong bases are both corrosive

Toxic
Can cause death or damage to health if swallowed, breathed in or

absorbed by skin.

Flammable
These substances catch fire easily and should be stored in flame-

resistant cupboards.
Magnesium is flammable.
Hydrogen gas is flammable.

Moderate hazard
This substance is not corrosive but is harmful if inhaled or will

cause irritation to the skin, eyes or inside the body.
Dilute acids and dilute sodium hydroxide are irritants.

Copper oxide is harmful.

Environmental hazard
These substances could cause immediate or delayed harm to

ecosystems.
Copper oxide is hazardous to the environment.

How can we apply neutralisation reactions?
Day to day, substances can naturally be too acidic or alkaline. In

these cases, neutralisation reactions can be used to adjust the
acidity or alkalinity of the substance.
Let’s look at some example!

Neutralisation of acidic soil
Some plants grow well in acidic soil but many do not.
Farmers add a base, such as lime (calcium oxide) or powdered

chalk (calcium carbonate) to acidic soil, which helps to reduce the
acidity.

Indigestion remedies
Your stomach produces hydrochloric acid to

help digest your food. If too much acid is
produced, this can cause indigestion.
Indigestion is usually treated by taking antacids,

as these can help to neutralise the excess acid.
Many antacids contain the bases calcium

carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

Neutralising acidic waters
Gases that are produced from burning

fuels can mix with clouds and produce
acid rain.
Acid rain falls into streams and lakes and
can result in the water becoming acidic.
This acidic water can harm the organisms
that live in the water.
Lime can be added to water to make the
water less acidic.

Paper is out of 54
● 2019: 41% to pass, 57% to merit, 74% to

distinction
● 2020: 37% to pass, 56% to merit, 74% to

distinction

Unit 1 Chem L2 Applied Science

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Chemistry revision

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Particle Charge Mass Location

Where is all of the mass of an atom kept?

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Electron -1 0.0005 Outer shells

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

• Number of protons = Atomic number

• Number of electrons = Number of protons

• Mass number = number of neutrons + protons

• Number of neutrons = Mass number – atomic number

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Complete the table

Element Symbol Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Element Symbol Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Metals lose electrons to have a full outer shell of electrons.

They have more protons than electrons and therefore become

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Non-metals gain electrons and become negative ions.

An exception to this rule is hydrogen which is a non-metal but

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

● What about group 0 elements?

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Also known as the group 0 elements.

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

An element is defined by the number of protons.

If the number of protons is changed then you have a different

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

However electrons have a negative charge.

What will change is the charge that that atom has.

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Let’s take a look at at a sodium

Na We know that sodium has 11

Sodium has 1 electron in its outer

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

It started with 11 electrons and loses 1 electron.

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

10 electrons (charge of -10)

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Let’s look at sulphur.

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

16 protons (charge +16)

Each neutron has a mass of 1, so the mass of the atom would

We call this an isotope.

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

However as they have different number of neutrons their mass

Each element can have different isotopes. The mass number in

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.5. It has the following

Compare - To describe the similarities and/or differences

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Chlorine-35 has 17 protons, 17 electrons and 18

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons

Relative atomic mass is the average mass

As some elements have different isotopes,

Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons