1

International Relation Theories – II

• Difference between Traditional Theory and Critical Theory (Epistemology)

• 3rd/ 4th IR Debate

• English School Fundamentals

• Post Structuralism / Post Modernism

• Impact of Post Colonial Studies on IR

• Impact of Feminism on IR

• Constructivism / Social Constructivism

• Implications for Securitization and Policy Research (Methodology)

 11
IR Theories

Middle Ground
Traditional Theories Critical Theories
Theories
 12
Traditional Theories

Libera Realis
lism m
 13
Middle Ground Theories
Realist
Traditio
s nal

Libera Critic
ls al

Middle
Middle
Ground
Ground
 14
Critical Theories

Traditional
Theory Critical
Theory
 15

International Theories - II

Slides : 151 Slides

DS : Dr. Musarat Amin
Time : 50 Minutes
IR Theories II
 1616
Sequence
• Difference between Traditional Theory and Critical Theory
Gp Capt Nauman
(Epistemology)

• 3rd / 4th IR Debate Cdr Abdul Khaliq

• English School Fundamentals

Gp Capt Khalid
• Post Structuralism / Post Modernism
• Impact of Post Colonial Studies on IR
Gp Capt Saidu
• Impact of Feminism on IR

• Constructivism / Social Constructivism Gp Capt Jatoi

• Implications for Securitization and Policy Research

Gp Capt Junaid
(Methodology)
EMANCIPATION
Epistemology & Ontology
 30
Epistemological Difference

Traditional Theories Critical Theories

Describe social institutions as Critique the legitimacy of

they are legitimize repressive social institutions and explain
and unjust social practices as the larger historical and social
natural context

Traditional Vs
Post Modernism/ Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories 3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 31
Epistemological Difference

Traditional Theories Critical Theories

Empirical, built on knowledge

Normative, explanatory and
derived from experiment and
interlinks theory with practical
experience

Application of science can be Traditionalist administer and

used to improve the human steer the society through
conditions scientific means
Traditional Vs
Post Modernism/ Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories 3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 32
Epistemological Difference

Traditional Theories Critical Theories

Theory of the status quo Believes in change

Lack emancipatory spirit and Seek human emancipation in

interest in immanent circumstances of domination
possibilities and oppression
Traditional Vs
Post Modernism/ Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories 3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 33
Epistemological Difference

Traditional Theories Critical Theories

Positivist Epistemology Post-Positivist Epistemology

State-Centric Perspective De-Centric Perspective

Traditional Vs
Post Modernism/ Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories 3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 34
Epistemological Difference

Critical theory is a self-reflective theory which

dismantles traditional ways of theorizing and
entrenched forms of social life

Traditional Vs
Post Modernism/ Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories 3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 35

PA R T - I I
3 R D / 4 T H I R D E B AT E

Cdr Abdul Khaliq PN

IR Theories II
 36
Great Debates

To understand make sense of the world

Represents different perspective

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 37
Great Debates

Theory is always for someone & for some

purpose Robert Cox
Ref : Social Forces, States & World Orders:
Beyond International Relations Theory (1981)

Advocated contrasting & conflicting

Faults & merits opposed

Lenses to perceive world

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 38
Great Debates

Abyssinia Crisis & League of Nations

failure

Events & existing theories lapses

What IR is or should be

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 39
1 Great Debate
st

Liberal paradigm decline

Lust for attaining power

War an inevitable part

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 40
2 nd
Great Debate

Focused on methodological issues

Did not conform to status of science

Traditionalists vs Behavioralists

Hedley Bull & Morton Kaplan - Proponents

Behaviorlism dominated by Positivism

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 41
3 Great Debate
rd

Kenneth Waltz - Positivist methodology &

objectivity of natural sciences

Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism debate

Attacked realism state centric nature

Keohane & Nye - Complex

Interdependence theory

Cooperation under anarchy

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 42
4 Great Debate
th

Exists to date

Launched by Robert Keohane at ISA

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 43
4 Great Debate
th

Positivism

To study IR Objectively & Dispassionately

As Physicist studies, Physical World

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 44
4 Great Debate
th

Post Positivism

Reject empiricism

Reality subject to interpretation

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 45
4 Great Debate
th

Rationalist Reflectivist

• Structural based
• De emphasize structure
systems level
• Counts for non-
• Dismiss non-observable
observable & non-
& non-testable factors
testable factors

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 46
4 Great Debate
th

Rationalist Reflectivist

• Requires detached,
• Social variables are
objective & strictly
integral part
observational standpoint
• Subject & researcher
• Possible to separate
cannot be separated
subject & object

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 47
Problems Associated with Debates

Not even occurred

Detracted from other controversies worth studying

British or American scholars

Blurred boundaries between debates

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 48
4 Great Debate
th

Analysis

Nothing abnormal - Difference of perspective

Preoccupied defining itself rather than analyzing our world

Served to organize discipline

Formed structure of our discipline

Reveal strengths & weaknesses

3rd / 4th IR
Traditional Vs Debate Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 49

PA R T - I I I
English
School Post Post
Fundamental Modernism Structuralism
s

Gp Capt Khalid Saeed

IR Theories II
 50
English School

‘The English School’ - term coined in 1981 by Roy Jones

Group of British and British-inspired Writers

International Society - Primary Object of Analysis

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 51
English School

Influential members of International Society

Hedley Bull Martin Wight John Vincent Barry Buzan

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 52
English School Fundamentals

Study of International and World History

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 53
English School Fundamentals

Study of International and World History

See the World as a “Whole”

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 54
English School Fundamentals

Study of International and World History

See the World as a “Whole”

Sovereign States form a Society

High level of Order – Low level of Violence

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 55
English School Fundamentals

International System – Realism

Three Key
International Society – Rationalism
Concepts

World Society – Revolutionism

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 56
English School Fundamentals

Two or more States have Sufficient Contact

International
System

Impact on one another’s Decision

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 57
English School Fundamentals

States build their Relations

International
Society

- Rules - Law - Norms

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 58
English School Fundamentals

More fundamental than International Society

World
Units are not States but Individual Human
Society
Humanism and Human Rights

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 59
English School Fundamentals
Core Arguments

Middle ground between two extremes of Realism and Liberalism

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 60
English School Fundamentals

Nature of International System is Anarchic

Realism

Core Interaction among Countries based on Rules and

Arguments Norms – Reject Realists

Importance of Power & National Interest

Realist approach

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 61
English School Fundamentals

Rules & Norms cannot guarantee International

Harmony & Cooperation – Reject Liberalism

Core
Arguments

Power & Balance of Power remain very

important in Anarchical Society – Liberalism
Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 62
English School Fundamentals

Analysis

International Relation - Field of Human Relations

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 63
English School Fundamentals

Analysis

International Political System is more Civil & Orderly than

Realists and Neo-realists suggest
Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 64

IR Theories II
 65
What is Modernism?

Modernism - An Artistic & Cultural Movement

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 66
What is Modernism?

Modernism - An Artistic & Cultural Movement

Late 19th & early 20th Century till WW-I

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 67
What is Modernism?

Visual Arts, Music, Literature & Drama

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 68
What is Modernism?

Modernism - An Artistic & Cultural Movement

Late 19th and early 20th century till WW-I

Visual Arts, Music, Literature & Drama

Rise of the study of Science & Technology

Move towards Liberal Capitalism

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 69
Post Modernism

Reaction to Aesthetic Modernism

Origin - French Philosophers - After World War-II

Jacques Derrida Michael Foucault

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 70
Post Modernism

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 71
Post Modernism

Deal ‘Beyond States’

Emphasizes on Non-state Actors & Role

of Societies
Political action is affected by Language,
Ideas and Norms - Constructivism

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 72
Post Modernism

Truth is Relative - A matter of Perspective

Rationalization - Opinions are what Matter

Characteristics Science and Technology - Inherently Destructive

Multiculturalism - Reject Metanarratives

Believes in Knowledge Power Relation - Productive

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 73

IR Theories II
 74
Post Structuralism

Evolved in France during 1960s - A Movement

Influence by Social and Philosophical Theory & Linguistics

Richard Ashley Robert Walker Michel Shapiro James der Derian

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 75
Post Structuralism

Post structuralism - Not Theoretical

More concerned with Nature, Role & Function of Language

How Social Meaning Construction through Language

Eng School /
Traditional
Traditional Vs
Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical
Critical Theories
Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 76
Post Structuralism

Individuals do not act as Free Agent

Structure has influence over Agent

Essential Rejection of Binaries

Elements
Binary term - Oppositional term

There is No Centre
Center keep on Shifting and Sliding
Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 77
Post Structuralism

Meaning is Not Absolute & Fixed

Linguistic signs are arbitrary

Essential
Elements

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 78
Post Structuralism

Meaning Not Absolute & Fixed

Linguistic signs - Arbitrary

Essential
Elements

Discourse Not Limited to Language

Includes all Social Practices
Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 79
Post Structuralism
Analysis

Post-structuralism - Not a Single Theory

Has many Strands

Power Relations
Structure & Agency
Subjectivity
Language

Relationship between Structure and Agency as the Duality of Structure

Eng School /
Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Structuralism Impact of Feminism
Constructivism
Securitization
 80

PA R T - I V
Impact of Post
Impact of Feminism
Colonial Studies on
on IR Studies
IR

Gp Capt Saidu
IR Theories II
 81
Post-colonialism

Post-colonial Theory

Examining political, economic, cultural and social impact of colonial rule

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 82
Post-colonialism
Pioneers of Post-colonial Theory

Dr Frantz Fanon Albert Memmi

Some of his books : Best known for his book:
• Black Skin, White Mask “The Colonizer and the Colonized”
• The Wretched of the Earth
Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 83
Post-colonialism

Modern postcolonial theories emerged

Proponent of modern post-colonial study

Foundation for post-colonial theory development

Edward Said

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 84
Post-colonialism

Orient

Orientalism Occident To depict distinct culture of West

and East

Other

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization

Bhabha K Homi
One of his works :
Of mimicry and man: The
Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse
Traditional Vs
IR Theories II Critical Theories
85
Post-colonialism
Notable Post-colonial Theorists
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak Octave Mannoni
One of his books :
Best known for the article : Prospero and Caliban: The
“Can the Subaltern Speak?”
psychology of colonization
Post-colonialism
Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 86
Post-colonialism

Impact of Post-colonialism

Concerned with the disparities in global power

Why some states and groups exercise much power over

others?

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 87
Post-colonialism

Impact of Post-colonialism

Colonized countries take back stage in global politics

Persistent colonial form of power

Post-colonial does not imply end of colonialism

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 88
Post-colonialism

Impact of Post-colonialism

Lingering forms of colonial authority after formal end of

colonization

Allows formerly colonised regions to question the dominance

of major state actors

Emergence of International hierarchical order

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 89
Impact of Feminism on IR

Ideology of advancing social role of women in society

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 90
Impact of Feminism on IR

Understanding gender inequality

Gender politics/ power relations

Promotion of women’s rights and interests

Feminism
Exclusion challenge such institutions by making them more equal and fair
from decision-making

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 91
Impact of Feminism on IR
Some Renowned Feminist Theorists

Ann Tickner J Spike Peterson Cynthia Enloe

‘Gender in International Relations: ‘Bananas, Beaches and Bases:
‘Global Gender Issues: Making Feminist Sense of
Feminist Perspective in Achieving
Dilemma in World Politics’ International Politics’
Global Security’
Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 92
Impact of Feminism on IR

Clinton co-sponsored the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 93
Impact of Feminism on IR

One Woman Initiative

Access to legal rights

Political participation

Economic development

Condoleezza Rice
Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 94
Impact of Feminism on IR

Adoption of feminist policies

Increased women participation

Holding key appointments

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 95
Impact of Feminism on IR

Gender as concept has been mainstreamed

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 96
Impact of Feminism on IR

Brought changes to the United Nations

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 97
Impact of Feminism on IR

Key Provisions of UN Security Council Resolution 1325

Mainstreaming of gender perspective throughout peace

operations

Inclusion of women in peace agreements and post conflict

decision-making

Protection of women and girls in conflict

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 98
Impact of Feminism on IR

Criticisms

Focuses more on women’s Too exclusivist to focus on

value than on human values women only
Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 99
Impact of Feminism on IR
Analysis

Feminist theory brought to fore women’s near complete absence from

traditional IR theory and practice

Challenges the marginalization of women from decision making and

institutional structures

Women’s knowledge, experiences and contributions are equally important

to global politics

Post-colonialism
Traditional Vs Post Modernism / Feminism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism
Constructivism
Securitization
 100

PA R T - V
Constructivism / Social
Constructivism

Gp Capt Jatoi
IR Theories II
 101
Constructivism

USSR Collapse

End of Cold War

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of

IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 102
Constructivism

Power Competition

Dominance of Traditional Theories

Marginalization of Social Construction

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of

IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 103
Constructivism

Evolution

Nicholas Greenwood Onuf

Introduced in 1989

We live in “World of our making”

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of

IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 104
Constructivism

Social reality & international politics is

contextual

Actors reshape international relations

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of

IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 105
Constructivism

“Anarchy is what States make of it”

Alexander Wendt

Ref : International Organization (1992)

Evolution of Bi-polar System

Self Destruction after WW-II / Cold War

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of

IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 106
Traditional Theories & Constructivism

Anarchy exists (Traditional Theories)

Maximization of Power - Realism

Cooperation among States - Liberalism

Disagreement by Wendt

Anarchy drives the Behavior of States X

Anarchy produced by states - Constructivism

Not a pre-established fact - Constructivism

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of
IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 107
Constructivism

Example

05 North Korean Nuclear Bombs

More Threatening than 500 British Nuclear
Bombs
Identification by material structure

Threat in social context

Constructivists promotes Ideas & Beliefs

Traditional Vs Post Modernism Post-colonial IR Constructivism Implication of

IR Theories II Critical Theories
3rd / 4th IR Debate
Post Structuralism Impact of Feminism Securitization
 108
Perception & Constructivism

Epistemology

Perception

Example

End of Cold War perceived differently by Russia & USA

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Identities & Constructivism

Relationship between Agents & Structures

Structures constrain agents

Identities - Representations of an actor’s

understanding
Different States have different identities,
depending on interests

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National Interest & Constructivism

National Interest is Subjective - Different for every State

Behavior of State - Dynamic

Different Behavior for Different States at one time

Behavior of one state - Different at Different Times

Rational for one State - Irrational for another

Example : Perception of Arab Spring

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Analysis

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Analysis

Actions, Interactions & Perceptions shape Reality

Thoughts & Actions construct IR

Alternative explanations & events occurring in social world -

Beneficial for IR

Ideas, identities & norms explain states’ behavior

Reality - Subject to change

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PA R T - V I

Implication for Securitization Theory

Gp Capt Junaid
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Securitization Theory

Traditional security studies New approaches to

security emerged

Environment, economics,
Narrow, state-centric, and
individual human beings and
military-oriented approaches
global security

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Securitization Theory

Securitization Theory of the Copenhagen

School

‘When a securitizing actor uses rhetoric of

existential threat and thereby takes an issue
out of what under those conditions is “normal
politics,” we have a case of securitization’

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Securitization Theory Contd …

Violent Climate Epidemic

Terrorism Migration
conflict change threats

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Securitization Theory

Key proponents of theory

Barry Buzan Ole Wæver Jaap De Wilde Thierry Balzacq

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Implication for Securitization

• Provides clear set of steps for identifying, how referent objects become
security problems?

Methodological

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Implication for Securitization

Securitization through speech act

Securitization
Approaches
Securitization through practice

Whether the theory can account for gender relations?

Speech act theory cannot account for the gendered power dynamics

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Implication for Securitization

Literature characterized strong emphasis on Europe based

security issues and European scholars

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Implication for Securitization

Significance outside Europe

Migration and climate change also

prioritized by other states

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Implication for Securitization

Significance outside Europe

Increasing relevance in
contemporary environment

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Implication for Securitization

Significance outside Europe

Increasing participation of scholars

from outside Europe

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Securitization Theory Contributions

Securitization word to designate construction is undisputable

Various scholars examining same process using

different conceptual apparatuses and theories

Foucault examined the construction of social categories

(Race, Jews, Blacks, Muslims and Women)

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Securitization Theory Contributions

Large body of scholarship on the

‘construction of social problems’

Similarity of processes on securitization theory

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Securitization Theory Contributions

What makes something a security issue?

Securitization What kind of responses does this call for?

Theory

What are the consequences of declaring a threat?

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Securitization Vs Existing Theories

Realism and Neo-realism

Insecurity derives from complexion of

certain issues that call for the use of force
and this renders states permanently
suspicious of each other

Defines as study of threat, use, and control of military force.

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Securitization Vs Existing Theories

Securitization Theory

Security of an entity stems from the interactions between a

securitizing actor and its audience

Provides a methodology for questioning: How security

threats are constructed, and how this might be reversed

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Securitization Vs other Theories

Securitization Theory

Audiences may change their stance even

after the start of extraordinary measures

Securitization starts by defining security and continues after the

implementation of extraordinary means
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Securitization Theories

Analysis

Securitization theory is useful as it contests traditional

approaches to security that are overly focused on the
security of the state

Wrong securitization due faulty assessment or exploitation by

internal and external actors can generate false alarms,
mistrust and un-warranted use of resources

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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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Conclusion

Art of War
Chapter-I

IR Theories II
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It',

International Organization, 1992.
2. Dana and Stephen, International Relations Theory, 2017.

3. Article on Rationality, norms and identity in international

relations by Ji Young Choi, 2015.
4. Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, and Jaap De Wilde, Security: A New
Framework for Analysis, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Pub., 1998.
5. English School Theory and the Social
By Barry Buzan, Barry G. Buzan, Research; Cambridge
University Press, 26-Feb-2004 - Political Science - 294 pages
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

6. Gandhi, Leela, Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction,

(Allen & Unwin Publishing), 1996
7. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society; A Study of Order in
World Politics,  Columbia University Press; 3rd edition (October
15, 2002)

8. Mitzman, Arthur. Iron Cage: An historical interpretation of Max

Weber. Transaction Publishers, 1970.
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9. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the
Collège de France, 1975–1976, translated by David Macey
(New York: Picador), 2003.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

10. Mark Salter, “Securitization Theory: 20 Years in Security

Dialogue”, Security Dialogue, Virtual Special issue, 2019.
11. Nicholas G. Onuf, World of Our Making (Columbia:
University of South California Press), 1989.
12. Scott, Andrew, Richard, Jack, Matthew, Christian and
Jacqui, Theories of International Relations (Palgrave Macmillan,
2005, 3rd Edn).

13. Stephen Walt, ‘The Renaissance of Security Studies’,

International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 1991, p. 212.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

14. Richard W. Mansbach and Kirsten L. Rafferty.Introduction

to Global Politics (p-32), 2008.
15. World Politics: An Introduction by James N.
Rosenau, Kenneth W. Thompson, Gavin Boyd; Free Press,
1976; the University Michigan, 22 Oct 2008

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Securitization