Glycolysis

ESSENTIALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY
FST 1022
PRESENTED BY: MS.NIDA IQBAL
KHAN
 Steps Of Glycolysis

 Step 2: Isomerization of Glucose 6-phosphate:

 The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate

(G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase
(Phosphoglucose Isomerase).
 The reaction involves the rearrangement of the carbon-oxygen bond to
transform the six-membered ring into a five-membered ring. This
reaction involves a shift in the carbonyl oxygen from C1 to C2 thus
converting an aldose into a ketose.
 Steps Of Glycolysis

 Step 3 : Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-phosphate:

Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes

fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
In the third step of glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted
to fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). Similar to the reaction that
occurs in step 1 of glycolysis, a second molecule of ATP
provides the phosphate group that is added on to the F6P
molecule.
 Steps Of Glycolysis

 Step 4 :Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-diphosphate:

 The enzyme Aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two

sugars that are isomers of each other.
 Steps Of Glycolysis

 Step 4 :Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-diphosphate:

 These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate  (DHAP) and

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). This reaction is catalyzed by
the enzyme
 (often simply called aldolase) which cleaves the fructose 1, 6-
diphosphate molecule between C3and C4
 Carbon atoms 4, 5 and 6 appearin glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
and 1, 2 and 3 in dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
 Steps Of Glycolysis

 Step 5: Isomerization of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate:

 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (an aldose) can be directly degraded

in the subsequent reaction steps of glycolysis but
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose) cannot be.
 Steps Of Glycolysis

Step 5: Isomerization of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate:

 However, dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be readily and
reversibly converted into glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate by the
enzyme triose phosphate isomerase (also called phosphotriose
isomerase) in the same way that glucose and fructose phosphates
are interconverted by phosphoglucoisomerase.
 This is an isomerization reaction and occurs very rapidly.
 At this point in the glycolytic pathway, we have two 3-carbon
molecules, but have not yet fully converted glucose into
pyruvate.