Presentation Of Medical

Terminology

 Submitted By :
 Ramandeep Kaur 0821778
 Ramansandhu : 0810130
 Nisha Kumari : 0811727
 Simranjeet Kaur : 0823133
 Sunaina : 0788693
 Bhavnesh : 0808602

 Submitted To : Sarah Alimilgi

Diseases of breast

Types

Screening

Diagnosis

Treatment
Breast cancer

 Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the breast tissue. It is one of
the most common cancers among women, but it can also affect men, though it's rare.
Breast cancer can arise from various parts of the breast, including the ducts that carry milk
to the nipple (ductal carcinoma) or the glands that produce milk (lobular carcinoma).
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cells of the breast tissue. It occurs
when abnormal cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor or mass.
These cancerous cells can invade surrounding tissues and, in advanced stages, can spread
to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the bloodstream.
 Breast cancer can affect both women and men, although it is much more common in
women. It is the most prevalent cancer among women globally and one of the leading
causes of cancer-related deaths. However, advancements in early detection, improved
treatments, and increased awareness have contributed to higher survival rates in recent
years.
Signs and Symptoms:

1. A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area.

2. Changes in breast size or shape.
3. Unexplained swelling, redness, or warmth in the breast.
4. Dimpling or puckering of the breast skin.
5. Nipple changes, such as inversion, scaling, or discharge (other than breast milk).
6. Persistent pain in the breast or nipple.
Causes and Risk Factors
1. Gender: Women are much more likely to develop breast cancer compared to
men.
2. Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age, and it is more common in
women over the age of 50.
3. Family history and genetics: Women with a family history of breast cancer,
particularly in close relatives like mother, sister, or daughter, have an increased
risk. Also, specific gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are linked to
a higher risk of breast cancer.
4. Personal history: A woman who has had breast cancer in one breast has a
higher risk of developing it in the other breast or having a recurrence.
5. Hormone-related factors: Long-term exposure to estrogen, such as early
menstruation, late menopause, and never having given birth or having the first
child after the age of 30, can increase the risk.
6. Lifestyle factors: Obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and lack of physical
activity may contribute to an increased risk.
Risk

Reproductive factors:
Dense breast tissue:
Starting periods
Having dense breasts
early, having children
on mammograms
later, or not having
might increase the
children can affect
risk.
the risk.
 Breast cancer types
 There are several types of breast cancer, and they can be categorized based on where they originate in the breast
and the specific characteristics of the cancer cells. Here are some of the main types of breast cancer:
1. Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS): DCIS is a non-invasive breast cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast. In
this type of cancer, the abnormal cells have not spread beyond the milk ducts into surrounding breast tissue.
While DCIS is considered a form of early-stage breast cancer, it is non-invasive, meaning it has not yet become
invasive and spread to other parts of the breast or beyond.
2. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 80%
of cases. IDC starts in the milk ducts of the breast but then invades and grows into the surrounding breast
tissues. It can potentially spread to other parts of the body if not treated.
3. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): ILC begins in the milk-producing glands (lobules) of the breast and then
invades surrounding breast tissues. It is the second most common type of invasive breast cancer.
4. Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): IBC is a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer. It typically presents
with redness, swelling, and warmth in the breast, often resembling an infection. IBC can progress rapidly and
requires immediate medical attention.
Types

5. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): TNBC

refers to breast cancers that lack estrogen receptors,
progesterone receptors, and HER2/neu amplification.
This type of breast cancer tends to be more aggressive
and does not respond to hormone therapy or HER2-
targeted treatments.
6. HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: HER2-positive
breast cancers have an overexpression of the
HER2/neu protein, which promotes the growth of
cancer cells. HER2-targeted therapies, such as
trastuzumab (Herceptin), are effective treatments for
this type of breast cancer.
7. Male Breast Cancer: Although rare, breast cancer
can also affect men. Male breast cancer is similar to
breast cancer in women but occurs at a much lower
frequency.
Cysts

 A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the

tissue of the breast. Although they may appear
in teenagers, they typically affect older women.
Just prior to the menstrual cycle, cysts
frequently expand, become tender, and can
even seem to appear overnight. Cysts can have
a soft or firm feel.
 A cyst will feel like a hard lump when it is
deeply implanted in breast tissue, though, as a
result of the tissue that surrounds it.
Hard lump

Teenage women rarely develop breast cancer. However, you should visit
your doctor for a checkup if the lump has any of the following
characteristics:

A firm, immovable sensation that feels anchored to the chest wall and
dimpling or puckering of the breast.
 Fat necrosis
 Fat necrosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is damage or death of fat tissue in the body. It is typically a non-
cancerous and benign condition that can happen in various parts of the body where adipose (fat) tissue is present. Fat necrosis
can be caused by several factors, including trauma, surgery, radiation therapy, or inflammation.
 Here's how fat necrosis generally develops:
1. Trauma or injury: Physical trauma to an area of the body, such as a fall, can lead to fat necrosis. This trauma disrupts the blood
supply to the fat cells, causing them to die.
2. Surgery: Procedures involving the removal or manipulation of fat tissues, like breast surgery or liposuction, can sometimes lead
to fat necrosis in the affected area.
3. Radiation therapy: Cancer patients who receive radiation therapy may experience fat necrosis in the areas that received the
treatment. Radiation can damage blood vessels, leading to fat cell death.
4. Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions, such as pancreatitis or certain autoimmune disorders, can cause fat necrosis.
 Symptoms of fat necrosis depend on its location and severity. In many cases, small areas of fat necrosis do not cause any
noticeable symptoms and may resolve on their own. However, in some instances, fat necrosis can cause pain, tenderness, and
the formation of a lump or mass in the affected area.
 Diagnosis of fat necrosis usually involves a physical examination and imaging tests, such as mammograms, ultrasounds, or
MRI scans, depending on the location of the affected tissue.
  Uneven breast size, also known as breast asymmetry, is a
common and normal variation among women. In fact, it is quite
common for one breast to be slightly larger or shaped differently
than the other. In the majority of cases, breast asymmetry is not
a cause for concern and does not indicate any underlying health
issues. However, in some instances, significant breast
asymmetry may cause emotional or psychological distress for
some individuals. There are several factors that can contribute to
uneven breast size:
 Horomonal change
Uneven breast  Genetics

size 


Age
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
 Injury
 Medical Condition
Screening

 Screening means checking for a

disease in a group of people who
don’t show any symptoms of the
disease. Screening tests help find
breast cancer before any symptoms
develop. When breast cancer is
found and treated early, the chances
of successful treatment are better.
 Women should be aware of the
benefits and limitations of screening
mammography based on their age
and risk factors to help decide if it is
right for them.
If you are 40 to 49 years
old, talk to your doctor Ifyou are 50 to 74 years If you are 75 or older,
about your risk for old, have a mammogram talk to your doctor about
breast cancer, along with every 2 years whether having a
the benefits and mammogram is right for
limitations of having a you
mammogram
 Treatment

 •Treatment with Neo adjuvant is

occasionally used to treat breast
cancer that is in its early stages. The
therapies a patient receives before
surgery are called neoadjuvant
therapy. Neoadjuvant therapy will be
applied by oncologists to reduce
tumor size. Later treatment decisions
made by the oncologist may benefit
from it as well.
Radiation therapy

 Radiation therapy: Following breast

cancer surgery, radiation therapy may be
administered. With this form of therapy,
breast cancer cells are targeted and
destroyed using high-energy rays or
particles. Radiation for the treatment of
breast cancer mostly comes in two forms.
 1.External beam radiation therapy (EBRT):
EBRT is the most frequently used radiation
therapy for breast cancer. With EBRT, a
machine focuses and delivers the radiation
to the site of breast cancer.
 2.Brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds or
pellets are placed into breast tissue at the site
of the removed tumor.
Surgery

 •Surgery: there are several surgical options for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or
breast cancer that can be surgically removed.
 1.Lumpectomy: The lumpectomy and other breast-sparing surgeries involve removing
cancerous tissue, and some normal surrounding tissue, leaving the rest of the breast
intact. Surgeons may remove some lymph nodes for additional study, and/or part of the
chest wall if the cancer is close to it.
 2.Mastectomy: Mastectomy involves surgically removing all of the breast. There are
different kinds of mastectomies that involve different amounts of tissue and lymph
nodes.
Chemotherapy

 Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy After surgery,

chemotherapy (chemo) may also be utilized.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is the term for
chemotherapy administered following surgery. This
kind of chemotherapy aims to get rid of any cancer
cells that could still be around after the operation.
This is crucial since these cancer cells are tiny and
might not be detected by imaging tests. If these
cells live, they might cause cancer in other body
regions. These medicines and medication classes
may be used during
chemotherapy :32Anthracyclines, Taxanes, 5-
fluorouracil, Cyclophosphamide, Carboplatin.
References

 Breast cancer - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

 Educational Tools | Breast Cancer Awareness | Positive Promotions
 Symptoms of breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society