IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL

REACTIONS

CHEMISTRY II
STAGE 1
 STAGE 1:
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION

Stage 1 Graphical Representation

Classifies the different types of chemical reactions through their symbolic
representation, to interpret and quantify the transformation processes of matter,
recognizing their importance in the biological and industrial processes.

Evidence of a Chemical Reaction

• Experiments to observe evidence of different types of chemical
changes
Physical and Chemical Changes
• Identifies his/her previous knowledge about the difference between
physical and chemical changes
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
• Analyzes the importance of chemical reactions in life and
environment
• Analyzes and solves stoichiometric calculations in chemical equations
Chemical Reactions
• Organizes the information about classification of chemical reactions
Evidence of Learning
• Written Report
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

• Watch the following video:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x49BtB5dOwg (5:23 min)
 1. What is the difference between a
physical and a chemical change?
2. Give 3 examples of physical
DIMENSION 1:
changes and 3 examples of
RECOVERING YOUR
chemical changes that occur in
KNOWLEDGE
your everyday life.
3. List 4 industrial processes that
involve chemical changes.
 IMPORTANT CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL REACTIONS

• Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

• Ethylene (C2H4)
• Propylene (C3H6)
• Ethylene Dichloride (C2H2Cl2)
• Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
• Ammonia (NH3)
• Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
 SIX CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT CHANGED HISTORY

• Watch the following video:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jb4CMnT2-ao (7:55 min)
 TEN CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

• Combustion of hydrogen / Electrolysis of water.

• Combustion of methane (hydrocarbons)
• Photosynthesis.
• Equilibrium of carbonic acid and carbon dioxide gas.
• Biological formation of calcium carbonate.
• Rusting of iron.
• Res­pi­ra­tion – cel­lu­lar and non-cel­lu­lar
• Biosyn­the­sis of pro­tein
• Hy­drol­y­sis
• Fer­men­ta­tive pro­cess­es
 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• Watch the following video:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUdU3I0zZGk (8:21 min)
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS

A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a WRITTEN EXPRESSION that illustrates what happens during a chemical
reaction.
WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND PARTS

A chemical equation is a short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols instead of
words.

Coefficients – Number placed in front of a formula to balance

equations.
 EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

Color change
 EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

A solid (precipitate) forms

when two liquids combine.

The precipitate does not

dissolve in the remaining
liquid.
 EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

A gas is released and

can be observed as:

► Bubbles fizzing

► Odor is released

► Smoke formation
 EVIDENCE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

Exchange of Energy
► Heat (absorbed or
released)
► Light
► Sound
 Classification of Chemical Reactions
https://quizlet.com/14695346/32b-classification-of-chemical-reactions-flash-cards/

Energetic
Atom reorganization Chemical Behavior
Exchange

Synthesis
Exothermin Endothermic Redox
Decomposition Single Double
Replacement Replacement

formation Combustion
of:

Neutralization

Oxoacids Non-metallic Oxides

Hidroxides Metallic Oxides Binary Salts Precipitation

 According to Energy Changes

Endothermic Reactions: Exothermic Reactions:

Energy is released and temperature
•All endothermic reactions absorb energy! goes up…more energy is released
when products are formed.

Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O + 2519Kj C6H12O6 + 6O2 2Mg + O2 2MgO + light

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + 92.4 kJ/mol

CaCO3 CaO + CO2
 Atom
reorganization hydroxides: from a metallic oxide and water
1. Formation of
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2 (aq)
K2O(s) + H2O(l)  2 KOH(aq)

2. Formation ofoxoacids: from a non-metallic oxide and water

SO3(s) + H2O(l)  H2SO4 (aq)

CO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2CO3 (aq)

3. Formation ofmetallic oxide: from a metal and oxygen

4 Fe(s)+ 3O2  2Fe2O3

4. Formation ofnon-metallic oxide: from a non-metal and oxygen

C(s) + O2(g)  CO2
N2 + 2 O2  2 NO2

5. Formation ofbinary salts : from a metal and a non-metal

2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g)  2 AlCl3(s)
 Atom
reorganization

HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)

CaCO3 CaO(s) + CO2 (g)

KOH K2O(s) + H2O (g)

electricity

2NaCl(l) 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)

electricity

2H2O 2H2(g) + O2(g)

Most of the times
decomposition reactions require
energy to take place.
 Atom
reorganization Activity Series of Metals

1. Displacement of the cation

Ni(s) + 2HCl(aq)  H2(g) + NiCl2

Fe(s) + CuSO4  Cu(s) + FeSO4 (aq)
2. Displacement of the anion

Cl2 + KI  I2 + KCl

F2 + ZnBr2  Br2 + ZnF2

less active
 Atom
reorganization
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4 (aq) + 2H2O

MgO + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

 Types of reactions according to the reorganization
of atoms

• There are 4 major types of reactions according to the reorganization of atoms, simplified by the following
equations:

• Synthesis/Combination A + B  AB
• Decomposition AB  A + B
• Single Replacement X + AB  XB + A or Y + AB  AY + B
• Double Replacement XY + AB  XB + AY
 Chemical Behavior

I. Reduction-Oxidation Reactions are reactions in which electrons are exchanged. Oxidation number
changes. The substance that oxidizes itself loses electrons. The substance that is reduced gain electrons.
Single displacement
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2

II. Combustion Reactions are part of the reduction-oxidation reactions. It takes place when a
material, called combustible reacts with oxygen, called oxidizing producing ligth and heat. Combustible
material gets oxidized. The most common oxidizing material is the oxygen (O 2), ozone (O3), or
peroxide (O-)
CH4(g) + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

III. Neutralization Reactions Acid-base reactions (double displacement)

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)

IV. Precipitation Reactions Formation of insoluble solids (double displacement)

BaCl (aq) + 2AgNO (aq) 2AgCl↓ + Ba(NO ) (aq)
 PRACTICE: Classify each of the following reactions:

ENERGY REORGANIZATION CHEMICAL

REACTION
EXCHANGE OF ATOMS BEHAVIOR
Zn + Cl2  ZnCl2

2 H2S + 3 O2  2 SO2 + 2 H2 O

Cu + 2 AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 Ag (s)

Mg(OH)2 + heat  MgO + H2O

CaCl2 + Na2SO4  CaSO4 + 2 NaCl

CaO + H2O  Ca(OH )2 + heat

Pb + 4 HCl  PbCl4 + 2 H2

Li2O + CO2  LiCO3

SO2 + H2O  H2SO3

MgCO3  MgO + CO2 + heat

 Type of reactions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0187f8gqfU Types of Chemical Reactions 2:59min

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TX6BYceUSL0 5:09
 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Law of Conservation of Mass:

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed it can only be transformed.
● Atoms of each elements in reactants must be equal to the number of atoms of the same element in
products.
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
There are 4 atoms of Hydrogen in reactants and products and 2 atoms of Oxygen in reactants and products

● Total mass of reactants must be the same than the total mass of products.
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O
If we have 4 grams of H in reactants and 32 grams of O in products,
2(1x2) + 2(16) = 36 g or reactants and
2[(2x1) + 2(16)] = 36 g of products
At the end we also have 36 grams of products: 4 g of H + 32 g of O
 Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation
Inspection Method

1. Identify the most complex substance.

2. Beginning with that substance, choose an element(s) that appears in only one reactant and one product, if
possible. Adjust the coefficients to obtain the same number of atoms of this element(s) on both sides.
3. Balance polyatomic ions (if present on both sides of the chemical equation) as a unit.
4. Balance the remaining atoms (follow this sequence: metals, nonmetals, hydrogen and oxygen at the end),
usually ending with the least complex substance and using fractional coefficients if necessary. If a
fractional coefficient has been used, multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator to obtain
whole numbers for the coefficients.
5. Count the numbers of atoms of each kind on both sides of the equation to be sure that the chemical
equation is balanced.
 Principles behind balancing chemical equations

• 1. You cannot destroy atoms

• The total number of atoms on each side of the equation must be the same. The number of atoms of each
element must therefore be the same on each side of the equation.
• 2. You cannot destroy charges
• The total number of charges must be the same on both sides of the equation. Charges are particles, so a different
number on each side of the equation means some matter has been destroyed. Not allowed.
• These first two principles are based on the Conservation of Matter. The other principle you mustn’t violate is:
• 3. You cannot change chemical formulae
• Meaning, you may only balance equations by changing coefficients (i.e. the balancing numbers), not by
changing subscripts.
PRACTICE: Balance the following chemical equations and check the balancing
counting the atoms of each element in reactants and products:

11) ____C6H14 + ____O2  ____CO2 + H2O

12) _____C2H6 + ____O2  _____CO2 + H2O

13) _____C3H8 + ____O2  _____CO2 + H2O