Nithyapriya.

S
Prashanna.R
Praveen kumar .S
Preethi.A
Sathish Kumar.S
Shagari
Losses in transformer
Efficiency
Condition for maximum efficiency
Separation of losses
Separation of iron loss
All-day efficiency.
In electrical machine, 'loss' can
any be as the difference between
definedand output
power input power.
An electrical transformer is an static device,
hence mechanical losses (like windage or
friction losses) are absent in it.
A transformer only consists of electrical
losses (iron losses and copper losses).
All these losses in the transformer are
dissipated in the form of heat.
Copper loss is due to power wasted in the
form of I2R, , where ‘I’ is the current passing
through the windings and R is the internal
resistance of the windings(primary and
secondary).
It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to
square of the current, and current depends
on the load. Hence copper loss in
transformer varies with the load.
Hence it is also called as variable loss.
Wcut= I2pRp + I2sRs
These losses occur in the core of the
transformer and are generated due to the
variations in the flux.

They depend upon the magnetic properties of

the material used for the construction of
core. Hence these losses are also known as
core losses or iron losses (Wi).
In transformer, the leakage magnetic flux linked with
the conducting parts like steel core or iron body of
the transformer, which will result in induced emf in
those parts, causing small circulating current in them.

We= CeBm2 *f2

This current is called as eddy current. Due to these

eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the
form of heat.

Lamination of core material can reduce eddy current

loss.
Hysteresis loss is due to the repeated
magnetization and demagnetization in the
transformer core. The energy is lost in each
hysteresis cycle.
This loss depends upon the volume and
grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic
reversals and value of flux density. It can be
given by,
Wh=Ch(Bm)1.6 *f (watts)
soft magnetic materials with low hysteresis
such as silicon steel and CRGO Steel are
usually used in core to reduce the loss .
The total core loss is,
Wi= Wh+We
Wi= Ch(Bm)1.6 *f + CeBm2 *f2
The stray losses is due to the presence of
leakage field including eddy currents in tank
walls and conductors.
The winding of the transformer should be
designed such a way to minimize the stray
loss this is achieved by splitting of
conductors into small strips to reduce eddy
current loss.
Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating
material of the transformer that is in the oil
of the transformer, or in the solid insulations.
When the oil gets deteriorated or the solid
insulation get damaged, or its quality
decreases and because of this, the efficiency
of transformer is effected.

The percentage of these losses are very small

as compared to the iron and copper losses
so they can be neglected.
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the
ratio
power output to the real power input.

In any practical transformer there is losses hence the

efficiency is,
In terms of input and losses the efficiency
can be written as
 Where power output,
Po = xSrcosф2
Total losses , Wt = Wi+
🞂

Thus the efficiency of transformer can be

written as
 Transformer efficiency
𝐱 𝑺𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝟐
𝜂= ------- (1)
𝐱 𝑺𝒓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝟐 +𝑾 𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕
At maximum efficiency,
𝒅𝜂 𝒅𝟐𝜂
𝒅𝒙
= 0; < 0;
𝒅𝒙𝟐

From 1,
𝒅𝜂 𝑺𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝟐 (𝑾𝒊 −𝒙𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕 )
𝒅𝒙 = ( 𝐱 𝑺𝒓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝟐 +𝑾𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕 )𝟐
 𝒅
𝜂𝒅𝒙 = 0  𝑊� − 𝑥 2 𝑊𝑐 𝑢 =
0 � 𝑡

𝐖𝐢 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐖𝐜𝐮𝐭 - - - - (2)

The efficiency of a transformer for a given

power factor is maximum when the variable
copper loss is equal to the constant iron loss.
 Wcut = I 2r 2 R t2 = I1r 2 R t1
From (2)
𝐖𝐢
x=
𝐖𝐜𝐮𝐭

𝑾𝒊 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹
𝟐𝐫 𝒕𝟐
𝑾𝒊 = 𝑰𝟐𝐌 𝟐 𝑹 𝒕𝟐

Current at maximum efficiency,

𝑾𝒊 𝑾𝒊
𝑰𝟐𝐌 = 𝑰𝟐𝐫
= 𝑹𝒕𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕

𝑰𝟏𝑴 𝑾𝒊 = 𝑰 𝟏𝐫 𝑾𝒊
= 𝑹𝒕𝟏 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕

kVA at maximum efficiency

𝑾𝒊
𝑺𝐌 = 𝑺𝒓
𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕
Maximum efficiency,
V 2 I 2 M cos ϕ 2
η 𝑀=
V 2 I 2 M cos ϕ 2 +2 W i
X S r cos ϕ 2
η 𝑀=
X S r cos ϕ 2 +2W i
Where,
𝐖𝐢
x=
𝐖𝐜𝐮𝐭

𝑾𝒊
𝑰𝟐𝐌 = 𝑰𝟐𝐫 𝑾𝒊
= 𝑹𝒕𝟐 𝑾𝒄𝒖𝒕
 𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜂=
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜 𝑠𝜙𝜙2 2 +𝑊 𝑖 + 𝑥 2
x= constant. Hence,
𝑊 𝑐 𝑢 𝑡 𝑊𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑊𝑐𝑢𝑡 =
k 𝜂 = 𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥𝜙
𝑆 𝑟2𝑐𝑜 𝑠
𝜂= 𝜙 2 +𝑘
1+ 1𝑘
𝑥 𝑆 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝒌
At Maximium effieciency , 𝟏 +𝜙 2 is minimum, i.e
𝒙 𝑺𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝟐
when 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2 is maximum.
Hence, for a constant load current, maximum efficiency
occurs when the load power factor is unity. (i.e, resistive
load).
The iron loss is separated into its corresponding compenents as
Iron loss =Wi=Wh+We

Where Hysteresis loss, Wh= Ch Bm1.6f W

Eddy current loss, We = CeBm2f 2 W
Now
Wi =ChB f +CeB f2
Where
Wh=hysteresis loss W
We=eddy current loss W
BCm=magnetic flux intensity T
hB=hysteresis loss constant(value of y-intercept in the
g
raph)
CeB=eddy current loss constant(value of slope in the
graph)
 ALL DAY
• EFFICIENCY
Computing efficiency by taking the ratio of RAM power output
by real power input best judges the performance of power
transformers which are energised only during load conditions.
• The loads connected to power transformers are normally
at
constant level around full-load.
• Distribution Transformers are installed by Electric Board Power
Grid are kept energied for all the twenty four hours a day, seven
days a week and 52 weeks a year.
The loads connected to such transformer keep on
changing from time to time.
In a day of 24 hrs , such distribution transformer
are subjected to full load hardly for about 4-5 hrs.
In remaining period they are only partly loaded .
Sometimes they are on no-load.
This means that iron-loss is incurred at constant
level for all 24 hrs while copper losses incurred in
the transformer keep on changing with respect
to change in load condition.
 Therefore the performance of distribution
transformer by taking into account the enery
delivered and energy consumed by it for all the
24 hrs in a day.
DEFINITION:
All day efficiency, of the transformer is defined
as the ratio of energy delivered by the
transformer for 24 hrs in a day to the energy
consumed by the transformer from supply
system for the same period.
🞂
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
All - day efficiency = 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑑,𝑘𝑊𝐻𝑜
Energy consumed,kWHi
*24
 To have high All-day efficiency, distribution
Transformers are designed and constructed with
(I)low iron losses and (ii) the load at which
maximum efficiency occurs.
Wi ---> iron loss
Wcut ---> Full load copper loss.
Energy output kWHo = ∑Xi Sr Cos𝛟2 X Hi
Energy input kWHi = energy output + energy to
meet losses.
kWHi = kWH0+ ( 24*Wi)+(∑ X2i
WcutHi )