1.

Kinds of Verb
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

2. Auxiliary & Modal Verbs

 A verb is a word that tells about something about a person or
thing (what one does, what is done to one or what one is).

Ex: Bose laughs (what Bose does).

The glass is broken (what is done to the glass).
The cat is dead (what the cat is).

Kinds of Verb

Main Verb Auxiliary & Modal Verb

Ex: I sing a song, (‘sing’ : he is singing a song, (‘is’ : auxiliary verb)
main verb). I can do it, (can - modal verb)].

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Main Verb

Transitive Intransitive
It denotes an action which passes over
It is a verb that denotes an action which does not
from subject to an object .
pass over to an object or which expresses a state
(in other words, the verb that answers
or being.
the questions who and what is transitive)
Ex:
Ex:
He ran a long distance. (action)
The baby sleeps. (state)
Raja directs a film. ( ‘directs’ answers
There is a flaw in this diamond. (being)
‘what’)
Saleem loves Sita. (‘loves’ answers ‘who’)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Here come a few sentences that have verbs used both transitively and
intransitively

Transitive
The ants fought the wasps.
The shot sank the ship.
Ring the bell, Valan.
The driver stopped the train.
He spoke the truth.
The horse kicked the man.
I feel severe pain in my head.
Intransitive
Some ants fight very fiercely.
The ship sank rapidly.
The bell rang loudly.
The train stopped suddenly.
He spoke haughtily.
This horse never kicks.
How do you feel.

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Auxiliaries and Modals
Auxiliaries Modals
Can, Could
Am, is, are May, Might
Was, were Will, Would
Have, has Shall, Should
Do, does, did Must, Have to, Ought to
Used to, Need, Dare

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 The Auxiliary (Be) is used

1) In the formation of the continuous tenses; as

Ragu is studying. Nirmala was working there.

2) In the formation of the passive; as

The stones were piled. An apple was eaten by Doss.

3) To indicate a plan, arrangement, or agreement; as

I am meet my teacher now. They are to be married today.

4) To denote command; as
You are to finish this work by today.

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Have & Do
Have is used in the formation of perfect tenses; as
Fatima has finished drawing a picture.
Have to is used with the infinitive to indicate obligation
I have to be there by six o’ clock.
The past form had to is used to express obligation in the past
(past form of must and have to)
I had to be there by ten o’ clock.
The negative and questions, have to and had to are used
with ‘do, does, did’; as
They have to go --- They don’t have to go.
Do they have to go?
She has to go -- She doesn’t have to go.
Does she have to go?
We had to go -- We didn’t have to go.
Did we have to go?
Verb Dr.AVS Grammar
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 Can, Could, May, Might
Can usually expresses ability or capacity; as
I can swim across the river.
He can finish this work within an hour.
Can and may are used to express permission. May is
rather formal; as
You can/may go now.
Can/may I borrow your pen?
May I come in, Sir? (formal)
Could and might are used as the past forms of can and
may; as
I could swim across the river.
He said, he might go.
Could is used to express exaggerated things; as
I am so hungry that I could eat an elephant.

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Can, Could, May, Might …

May expresses possibility. Can is used in

negative and interrogatives
It may rain today. (perhaps it will rain)
Can it be true? (we don’t ask may it be true?)
No, it can’t be. (negative)
Yes, it may be. (positive)

Might is used for less possibility

It might rain today. (less possibility [30%])
It might not be true. (perhaps it isn’t true [3%])
Some times could has a similar meaning to may and might
The phone is ringing. It could be Sumathi (it may
be Sumathi)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Can Vs able to

(be) able to is possible instead of can. But can is more

usual; as
Are you able to speak any foreign languages?

But can has only present (can) and past (could) forms, so for
other forms like perfect and infinitive we use able to; as
I haven’t been able to sleep recently.
Tom might be able to come tomorrow.
Able to is used in the sense of ‘managed to’; as
The fire spread through the building quickly but
everybody was able to escape. (managed to escape)
Federer played tennis well but at the end Nadal
was able to beat him. (managed to beat him)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Shall, Should; Will, Would

Shall and will are used for future. (will is more common
now); as
I shall / will be twenty next birthday.
What will you do to finish this project?
Question with shall (i/we) is used to ask the will of the
addressed one; as
Shall I open the door? (Do you want me to open it?)
Which pen shall I buy? (What is your advice?)
Where shall we go? ((What is your suggestion?)
Shall is sometimes used in the second and third persons to
express a command or promise or threat (but it is old
fashioned); as
You shall not kill. (Command)
You shall have it now. (Promise)
You shall be punished for this. (threat)
Verb Dr.AVS Grammar
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 Shall, Should; Will, Would …
Will is used to express…

Volition; as (will is strongly stressed here)

I will carry your books. (am willing to)
I will try to do better next time. (promise to)
Characteristic habit; as
He will talk about nothing but films.
She will sit for hours listening to music.
Assumption or probability; as
This will be the book you want, I suppose.
That will be the shop we look for, I think.
Will you? indicates an invitation or a request; as
Will you have tea?
Will you lend me your car?

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Shall, Should; Will, Would …

Should and would are the past forms of shall and will; as)

I expected that I should get the first class. (would is

more common)
He said that he would be twenty next birthday.
Should is used to express duty or obligation; as

You should obey the orders.

You should keep your promise.

In clauses of condition, should expresses a

supposition that may not be true; as

If it should rain, they will not return.

It he should see me here, he will be annoyed.

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Shall, Should; Will, Would …

Should and would are also used as in the examples below

Expressing a polite form of want; as

I should / would like you to help her.

Expressing more polite than ‘will you?’; as

Would you lend me your car?

Expressing probability; as
You should be in the library now.

Would after wish expresses a strong desire; as

I wish you would not chatter so much.

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Could have, Might have, Should have

Could have is used for things, which were possible but

did not happen; as

Why didn’t you stay here, my father was here. You could
have met him.

May/Might have is used to cite the probability or possibility

in the past; as

A: I wonder why John Paul didn’t answer the phone.

B: He may have been asleep. (perhaps he was asleep)

A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.

B: You might have left it in the shop. (perhaps you left there)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Could have, Might have, Should have…

Should + perfect infinitive indicates a past obligation

that was not fulfilled; as

You should have been more careful.

Should not have is used for things, which we didn’t

do but would have been the right thing to do; as

I have a stomach pain, I should not have eaten too much

last night.

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Must, have to, should, ought to

Must is used to express necessity or obligation; as

You must improve your spelling.

You must get up early.

Must refers to present or near future. To talk about the

past we use the past form of ‘have to; as

Yesterday we had to get up early.

Must refers personal obligation, where as have to

refers to that of others; as

I must be on a diet. (it is my own idea)

I have to be on a diet. (the doctor has told me to be on a diet)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Must, have to, should, ought to …

Must can also express logical certainty; as

Living in such a crowded conditions must be difficult.

(I am sure it is difficult)
Ought to expresses moral obligation or desirability; as
We ought to love our neighbours.
We ought to help him.
You ought to know better.
Ought to can also be used to express probability; as
Prices ought to come down soon.
This book ought to be very useful.

For should (refer slide numbers 14, 15)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 used to, Dare

Used to expresses a discontinued habit; as

There used to be a house there.

I used to live there when I was a boy.

Dare denotes of being brave enough to. (it does not take
to); as
He dare not take such a step.
How dare you contradict me?
He dared not do it.
He does not dare speak it. (it takes –s in the third person
singular present form when conjugated with do)

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 Need
Need denotes obligation or necessity; as
We need not go there.
Need I write to him?
But when conjugated with ‘do’, it has to be used as a
main verb; as
Do you need to go now?
I don’t need to meet him.
One needs to be careful.
Didn’t need to = It was not necessary for me to
I didn’t need to get up early in the morning.
Needn’t have = I did something unnecessary, and I regret
for that now.
I have bought this pen. I needn’t have bought it, because I
have one already.
Verb Dr.AVS Grammar
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 Irregular Verbs
be was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought

Verb Grammar
 Irregular Verbs…
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt

Verb Grammar
 Irregular Verbs…
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
Verb lend lent lent Grammar
 Irregular Verbs…
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
Verb Grammar
 Irregular Verbs…
sew sewed sewn/sewed
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
Verb Grammar
 Irregular Verbs…
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrown threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
Verb
write wrote written Grammar
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Answer the following:

1. Children ………………… love their parents.

2. Why didn’t you stay here, my father was here. You
……………. met him.
3. ……….. you lend me your car?

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Give the other forms of the following:

1. Go
2. Set
3. Bring
4. Mean
5. Put

Verb Dr.AVS Grammar

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