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What do you think the world

would be without science
and technology?
 Scienceis learning new facts
about the natural world.
 Science isthe study of the
natural world by collecting
data through a systematic
process called
the scientific method.
Technology is
where we
apply science to
create devices
that can solve
problems and do
tasks. 
Technology is
literally the
application
of science.
Technology  changes our life very much.
It is like the way of thinking or doing the
normal things differently, better and
much more faster with less hassle.

It aids us in several things;

• it provides us comfortable living
• allows us to explore the world and
improves our lifestyles.
• We apply technology in almost
everything we do in our daily
lives; we use technology at home,
work and in school
• we use technology for
communication, transportation,
and many more.
What are historical antecedents in
terms of science and technology?
The History of the World is divided into three periods

A. In the world:
- Ancient Times
- Middle Ages
- Modern Ages
Ancient time lasted for a very long time:
It means the time before civilization. 
(When was the ancient time started?)
Ancient time (60,000 BC – 650 AD)
It ends with the fall of several significant
empires, such as the Western Roman
Empire in the Mediterranean, the Han
Dynasty in China, and the Gupta Empire in
India, collectively around 650 AD.
AD and BC are abbreviations for the
Latin term Anno Domini (short for
year of the Lord), and the English
phrase Before Christ (which was less
confusing than the Latin term Ante
Christum Natum, which means Before
Christ’s Birth).
CE is simply Commom Era and BCE
is Before the Common Era.
The transition is directly from 1 BC to 1 AD.
 Terms were changed to be more secular
and universal.
 This is done in order to standardize time
periods across the world.
Note that:
 BC and BCE refer to the same time period.
 AD and CE refer to the same time period.
Some Time Period in Ancient Times
 Stone Age  marks a period of
prehistory in which humans used
primitive stone tools.
 Lasting roughly 2.5 million years,
the Stone Age ended around 5,000
years ago when humans in the Near
East began working with metal and
making tools and weapons
from bronze. 
 The Bronze Age is the time period
in which humans around the world
began to use bronze as a major
metal in tools.

 It is generally accepted as
starting around 3600 BC and
ending with the advent of iron in
1000 BC.
 The Iron Age is also called the
Classical Era, but these periods
more commonly refer to only one
region.
 It begins around 1000 BC with the
widespread use of iron tools.
 It is often accepted to end at
approximately 650 AD, with the fall
of the aforementioned major
civilizations.
Middle Ages, Medieval period,
Postclassical Era, (500CE – 1500CE)
It begins around 500 CE after the fall
of major civilizations.

The period ends around 1450–1500,

with events like the rise of moveable-
type printing in Europe, the voyages of
Christopher Columbus, and the
Ottoman Empire's conquest of
Constantinople.
Middle Ages (Europe, 5th century -
15th century)
 Early Middle Ages (Europe, 5th
century - 11th century)
 High Middle Ages (Europe, 11th
century - 14th century)
 Late Middle Ages (Europe, 14th
century - 15th century)
Modern Period covers human history
from the creation of a more global
network (i.e. the discovery of the
Americas by Europeans) to present
day.
Early Modern Period (1500 – 1750)
The Early Modern Period is the first
third of the Modern Period It ends in
1750 with the beginning of British
industrialization.
Some time periods in the early modern period.
 The Renaissance (Europe, 14th century - 17th
century)
 Age of Discovery (or Exploration) (Europe, 16th
century - 18th century)
 Age of Sail - referring to commercial and military
impact of sailing technology, usually dated as 1571
—1862.
 Elizabethanperiod (England, 1558–1603)
 The Protestant Reformation (Europe, 16th
century)
 The Age of Enlightenment (Europe, 18th century)
Mid Modern Period (1750 – 1914) Long
Nineteenth Century, Age of Revolution,
and Industrial Revolution
The Age of Revolution is a less commonly used
period, but appropriately covers the time
between the early modern and contemporary.
 It begins around 1750 with European
industrialization and is marked by several
political revolutions.
 It ends around 1914, with the relative
advancement of industrialization in Europe, the
United States, Japan, and Russia, and the
beginning of World War I.
Industrial Revolution (Europe, United States,
elsewhere 18th and 19th centuries)
 Napoleonic Era, 1799–1815
 Victorian Era (United Kingdom,1837–1901)
 Gilded Age (United States, 1870-1900)
 Machine Age (Europe, United States, elsewhere
19th and 20th centuries)
 Edwardian period (United Kingdom, 1901–1910)
 Meiji Era (Japan, 1868–1912)
Contemporary Period (1914
– present)
 The Contemporary Period generally covers
history still in living memory, approximately 100
years behind the current year.
 However, for all intents and purposes, the
period will be used here as spanning from the
first world war in 1914 to present day, as it is
considered separate from the past eras and the
newest stage of world history.
 World War I (1914–1918)
 Interwar period(1918 - 1939)
 The Roaring Twenties (United States, 1920-1929)
 The Great Depression (United States, 1929-1939)
 World War II (1939–1945)
 Cold War (Soviet Union and United States, as well
their allied states, 1945–1991)
 Space Age (after 1957)
 Information Age (1971–present)
 Post-communist period (Russia and other former
Soviet states, after 1991) / Post-Cold War (Western
world after 1991)
 Post 9/11 Era (after September 11, 2001)
Science and Technology in the
Ancient Times
The Stone Age was a time thousands of years
ago, when humans lived in caves and jungles. Life
was simple, and there were only two main things
to do – to protect themselves from the wild
animals and to gather food.
 For both purposes, people made tools from stone. 
 The oldest stone tool that we have as an evidence is
almost 3.4 million years old .
 Stones were also used to make fire.
 Since in those times, humans used stone for almost
everything they did, hence the name Stone Age. 
 The Stone Age went on for a long
time.
 Obviously in the beginning of the
Stone Age rock shelters were the way
to go.
 Any signs of trouble and the humans
would go hiding in the caves.
 Historians call the early period
of human history the Stone Age.

 They do this because it was the

time when people used stone to
make tools and weapons.
 HOW DID ANCIENT PEOPLE LIVE?

 That time period, it was a nomadic

existence.
 Meaning, that a tribe, or clan
would live in an area until the
resources were depleted.
 They would live in an area until the
food supply was used up.
The stone age can be split into three phases:
 The Palaeolithic Age, the oldest and
longest of the stone ages, began
roughly 2.6 million years ago, 2
million BC to 12,000BC.   The
earliest part of the stone age
period.
 In Greek, paleolithic means "old
stone." Therefore, the Paleolithic
Age is also called the Old Stone Age.
 The Mesolithic Age began and
lasted between 12,000 BC and
10,000 BC also known the Middle
Stone Age.
 The Neolithic Age began during
10,000 BC and ended in 5,000BC
also known the New Stone Age.
These dates are not fully accurate
and are rough estimates as nobody
actually knows the dates for a fact.
Paleolithic people often moved around
in search of food.
They were nomads or people who
regularly move from place to place to
survive.
They traveled in groups, or bands, of
about 20 or 30 members.
 Paleolithic people survived by
hunting and gathering. The search
for food was their main activity,
and it was often difficult.
 Nomads had to learn which animals
to hunt and which plants to eat.
 They hunt wild animals such as
buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer,
and other animals, depending on
where they lived. Along coastal
areas, they fished.
 These early people also gathered
wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains,
and green plants.
 They had to learn how animals
behaved and how to hunt them.
 They had to develop tracking
methods.
 At first, men used clubs or drove the
animals off cliffs to kill them.
 Over time, Paleolithic people
developed tools and weapons to help
them hunt.
 The traps and spears they made
increased their chances of killing their
prey.
 Women looked after the children and
searched nearby woods and meadows for
berries, nuts, and grains.
 Everyone worked to find food, because
it was the key to the group's survival.
 Before this time, sticks, stones, and
tree branches served as tools.
 Later, people made devices from a
hard stone called flint.
 Have you ever imagined how difficult
it would be to prepare or eat food
without a cutting tool?
 Paleolithic people learned that by
hitting flint with another hard stone,
the flint would flake into pieces.
 These pieces had very sharp edges that could be used for
cutting.
 Hand axes, for example, were large pieces of flint tied to
wooden poles. Flint technology was a major breakthrough
for early peoples.
 One of the most important advancements
in human history was the development and
use of these tools.

 Tools allowed hominids to become the

masters of their environments, to hunt, to
build, and to perform important tasks that
made life easier for them.

 The first tools were made out of

stone. (Flints)
 Over time, early people made better, more
complex tools.
 Spears and bows and arrows made killing large
animals easier.
 Harpoons, or spears with sharp points, and
fishhooks increased the number of fish caught.
 They used scraping tools to clean animal hides,
which they used for clothing and shelter.
 By the end of the Paleolithic Age, people were
making smaller and sharper tools.
 They crafted needles from animal bones to make
nets and baskets and to sew hides together for
clothing.
 This technology had a far-reaching effect.
 It drove the development of more advanced
farming tools and influenced where people
settled.
 Climate affected how Paleolithic people lived.
 Some early people lived in cold climates and made
clothing from animal skins to stay warm.
Hunting was aided by improved
communications skills.
 Gradually, humans learned to make their
own shelters. People constructed tents and
huts of animal skins, brush, and wood.

 Life became less difficult for Paleolithic people
once they discovered how to make fire.
 Archaeologists believe early humans produced
fire by friction.
 They also discovered that a certain stone, iron
pyrite, gave off sparks when struck against
another rock.
 The sparks could then ignite dry grass or leaves-
another way to start a fire.
 People learned that fire provided warmth in cold
caves.
 It provided light when it was dark and could be
used to scare away wild animals.
 Armed with spears, hunters could also use fire to
chase animals from bushes to be killed.
 Eventually, people gathered around fires to share
stories and to cook. Cooked food, they
discovered, tasted better and was easier to chew
and digest.
 In addition, meat that was smoked by fire did not
have to be eaten right away and could be stored.
Some of the technologies in the stone
age
Mesolithic period is also known as the
middle stone age.
It dated approximately from 10,000 BCE to
8,000 BCE.
The ice ages began 2.4 million years ago and lasted until
11,500 years ago. During this time, the earth's climate
repeatedly changed between very cold periods, during which
glaciers covered large parts of the world (see map below),
and very warm periods during which many of the glaciers
melted.
  In Mesolithic period stone tools were
improved.
 They use of small chipped stone
tools called microliths and retouched
bladelets during this period.
 The improved Mesolithic stone tools
increased food and supply production
rates, bolstering the primitive economy.
 This allowed for increased population and
survival rate for the early Mesolithic Age
humans.
 Chipped stone tools are made
by removing chips or flakes
from a piece of fine-
grained stone like flint using a
technique called "flint
knapping", which means "to
shape by breaking off pieces".
Like whittling a piece of wood.
 The use of small chipped
stone tools called
microliths and retouched
bladelets are the key
factor to identify the
Mesolithic as a
prehistoric period.
 Pottery was created to help them in the home
setting or in the fields to help farming. People made
these bowls and pots to hold food, seeds, grain, and
water. ... The pottery in the Mesolithic Age was not
made for artistic reasons, but as the years
continued, the designs became important.
Mesolithic period was the
development of
agriculture contributed to
the rise of permanent
settlements.
Megalithic
tombs are
aboveground 
burial chamber,
built of large
stone slabs
(megaliths) laid
on edge and
covered with
earth or other,
smaller stones. 
 The Neolithic Revolution, also called
the Agricultural Revolution, marked
the transition in human history from
small, nomadic bands of hunter-
gatherers to larger, agricultural
settlements and early civilization. ...
 Shortly after, Stone Age humans
began to give up the nomadic,
hunter-gatherer lifestyle completely
to practice agriculture.
“End”