GRAMMAR SUMMARY UNIT 9

Past perfect simple

Form
We form the past perfect simple with had + past participle. See page 180 for a
list of irregular past participles.

In spoken English and informal written English, we use ’d instead of had, especially
after pronouns.
I’d already seen her.
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Use
We use the past perfect simple when we need to make it clear that one past
action happened before another past action. For the action that happened first,
we use the past perfect. For the action that happened second, we use the past
simple.
When we arrived at the airport, the plane had left.

We only use the past perfect when we need to make it clear which action
happened first. If the order is obvious, we just use the past simple for all the
actions.
When I got to the station, I bought a ticket and waited for the train. (all past
simple)

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We often use linking words and phrases like but, because, so and as soon as to
link past simple with past perfect sentences.
I’d booked the hotel months before, but when I got there they said they
were full.
I was tired because I’d been at work all day.
It had rained all night so the roads were very wet.
The children ran outside as soon as the sun had come out.

 Exercises 1, 2 and 3

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Subject questions
Other questions
We can use questions to ask about different things, for example time, places,
things, or reasons:
When did you visit Brazil? (asking about a time)
Where are you staying? (asking about a place)
What are you eating? (asking about a thing)
Why didn’t you like the hotel? (asking about a reason)
To form most questions, we put an auxiliary verb before the subject. To form
present simple questions, we need to add the auxiliary verb do or does. To form
past simple questions, we need to add the auxiliary verb did.

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Subject questions
We can also use questions to ask about the subject of a sentence:
Who lives here? (Answer: Katrin lives here.)
SUBJECT
Who likes the food? (Answer: We all like the food.)
SUBJECT

The grammar in subject questions is different from other questions. In subject

questions:
• the word order is the same as a statement and the question word replaces
the subject:

Gheorghe lives here. Who lives here?

• we do not use the auxiliary verb do or did

Who does want a coffee?
Who wants a coffee?
 Exercise 4
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We often ask subject questions using who, which, what, and how many.
Who put this suitcase here?
Which hotel has the best prices?
What caused the delay?
How many people came to the party?

 Exercises 5 and 6

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Exercises
1 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) with the endings (a–h).

h1 As soon as the rain had a because he hadn’t bought a ticket.

f stopped, b so she was very upset.
d 2 When I got home, c because she’d passed her exam.
c 3 He checked his phone, d but the message still hadn’t
g 4 She was so happy arrived.
5 She realized she’d forgotten to e because I’d had a problem with my
a bring any money, car.
6 They told him to get off the f I realized I had forgotten my door
e train key.
b 7 arrived late at work g so she needed to go home and get
8 Sarah had had an argument some.
with her best friend, h we went for a walk.

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2 Complete the text with the past perfect of these verbs.

I decided to have a holiday with a difference last summer – I stayed at home

for a week! Why? Well, I 1 _____________
had just _____________
bought my first
home and I didn’t have any money. I did lots of different things during my
holiday. I went to a museum and learnt about the local history – I didn’t
know that so many interesting things 2 _______________
had happened where I live. One
evening, some friends came to my new house for a barbecue. I
3 _____________
had asked everyone to bring something to eat and it was great!
Another day, I went to my local swimming pool for the first time. I
4 _____________
had always _____________
thought it looked a bit old and dirty, but it
was really nice inside. Most nights I ate at local restaurants. There were
some excellent places – I 5 _____________
had never _____________
tried Ethiopian
food before. The only bad day was when I decided to go walking in the local
countryside. I 6 _______________
hadn’t checked the weather and it rained all day! At the
end of the week, I felt really relaxed. And I 7 _______________
had spent much less
money than I normally do on a holiday. I might even do it again next year!
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3 Complete the sentences with these pairs of verbs. Use one past simple form
and one past perfect form in each sentence.

1 I ______________
didn’t go to the cinema with my friends because I
______________
had already ______________
seen the film.
2 We ______________
felt hungry because we ______________
had forgotten to bring any
lunch.
3 I ______________
called Martino on his mobile as soon as I ______________
had received
his message.
4 Lisa ______________
said ‘thanks’ to her brother because he
______________
had helped her so much.
5 All of us ______________
had slept really well so we ______________
felt great in the
morning.
6 Sally ______________
had studied hard but she still ______________
failed the exam.

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4 Tick the subject questions.
1 Who wrote this message?
2 Where did you buy this?
3 What did she tell you?
4 How many people live here?
5 Who wrote this song?
6 Why didn’t you come?
7 Who called you earlier?
8 When did it happen?

1, 4, 5 and 7

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5 Put words in order to make subject questions.

1 put / bag / here / who / this

2 which / best / computer / works
3 my / broke / glasses / who
4 speaks / French / who
5 work / how / many / people / here
6 the / won / who / race

1 Who put this bag here?

2 Which computer works best?
3 Who broke my glasses?
4 Who speaks French?
5 How many people work here?
6 Who won the race?

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6 Write questions about the underlined words in each sentence. Some are
subject questions.

1 I went to Spain last year.

__________________________________________________________
Where did you go last year?
2 Kate’s behaviour made me really angry.
__________________________________________________________
Whose behaviour made you really angry?
3 270 people live in this building.
__________________________________________________________
How many people live in this building?
4 I went outside to get some fresh air.
__________________________________________________________
Why did you go outside?
5 Isabella left her coat here.
__________________________________________________________
Who left her coat here?
6 Julia has spoken to Paolo today.
__________________________________________________________
Who has spoken to Paolo today?

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