Week 4 Update

Joe Hoatam Your Title Josh Merritt Your Organization (Line #1) Aaron Nielsen Your Organization (Line #2)

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Outline More on Pulse Doppler Radar

Finding Doppler Frequency Shift Determination of Moving/Stationary Objects on A-Scope and PPI Use of Single and Double Delay Line Cancellers Blind Speeds

Received Signals from Precipitation Signal Sampling and Power Spectrum Doppler Spectrum Mean Doppler Velocity and Doppler Spectrum Variance Radar Noise

MTI vs. Pulse Doppler Radars Both distinguish moving objects from stationary objects by looking at the Doppler Frequency shift. MTI (moving target indication) radars
Typically operate with ambiguous velocity measurements (blind speeds), but with unambiguous range measurements

Pulsed Doppler Radars

PRF usually high enough to operate with unambiguous Doppler measurements but with ambiguous range measurements

Operation Reference signal is sent Signal echo is measured Difference between signals is calculated to find Doppler frequency shift

Vref = A sin( 2ftt ) Vecho = B sin[ 2 ( ft + fd ) 4ftR / c] Vdiff = C sin( 2fdt 4ftR / c)

Finding Doppler Frequency Shift

fd > 1 / fd can be found quickly fd < 1 / many pulses need to be sent to find fd

Determining Moving Objects From A-scope A-scope is a display of echo amplitude vs. time Superposition of echoes can be helpful in separating moving objects from stationary object Butterfly Effect

Determination of Moving Objects on PPI PPI (plan position indicator)

Angle vs. Range display

Different method must be utilized on PPI Delay line canceller

Single Delay Line Canceller

V 1 = k sin( 2fdt 0) V 2 = k sin[ 2fd (t T ) 0] V = V 1 V 2 = 2k sin(fdT ) cos[ 2fd (t T / 2) 0]

Signal delay T=1/PRF Output of canceller is a cosine wave at the Doppler frequency Amplitude of output is a function of the Doppler frequency and T

Frequency Response of Single Delay Line Canceller

Frequency Response of Single Delay Line Canceller Response is zero when

fdT = 0, ,2 ,..., n (n ) fd = n / T = nfp

Target velocities that result in zero MTI response are called blind speeds

vn = n / 2T = nfp / 2
Somewhat effective removal of clutter Double/Multiple cancellation more effective

Frequency Response of Delay Line Cancellers

Frequency Response of Delay Line Cancellers Avoid blind speeds by making first blind speed greater than maximum radial velocity
Increase wavelength of signal propagated Increase PRF

Low radar frequencies (large wavelength) require larger antenna size High PRF results in Range Ambiguity! Example: First blind speed 600 knots
Range (without ambiguity) = 130 nautical miles at 300 MHz or 13 nautical miles at 30 MHz

Trade off between range and velocity ambiguities One solution is Staggered PRF MTI

Received signal from Precipitation

Received signal due to point scatter is a scaled replica of the transmitted wave from but shifted by the Doppler shift Received signal Sr(t) can be expressed as: where lambda is the wavelength, Pt is the Power transmitted, G is the gain, and S is the back scattering matrix

G Pt S r (t ) = ( S )e j 2f o ( t ) 4r 2
It may be rewritten as : Where A is the Amplitude times

S r (t ) = Ae j 2f o ( t )

Received signal from Precipitation

Functional dependence of r on t results in theta varying with time. Thus the phase of the scattered wave from particle changes with its movement relative to the radar and the time rate of change of theta is related to the Doppler frequency shift

S r (t ) = AStr (t ) S r (t ) = AU tr (t )e
j 2fo ( t )

Received signal from Precipitation Precipitation is composed of a large number of hydrometeors over a large range with widely different scattering amplitudes and moving with different velocities The received voltage increment from this shell follows the other from discussed earlier.
Vr (t ) = A' ( ; t )e j 2f o U tr (t )

The lower and upper limits can be extended from zero to infinity so that the general form of the of the receieved voltage from and arbitrary transmitted waveform is given by:
Vr (t ) = A' ( ; t )e j 2f o U tr (t )d
0

Mean Power of the Received Signal One key measurement is the mean power corresponding to the received voltage, Vr(t) which can be related to the back scatter cross section per unit volume of the precipitation.
2

Vr * (t )Vr (t ) = < Vr (t ) >= Pr (t )

Signal Sampling and Power Spectrum Conversion from continuous time to discrete samples Power Spectrum Density (PSD)
Describes power as a function of frequency Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function, if it can be treated as a stationary process.

S f = Re j2 f d

R= f f = f t f tdt

Doppler Spectrum Backscattered power received as a function of Doppler frequency, or velocity

Describes the echo of a contributing region of signal Function given as S(f), S(V), or S();

Doppler Spectrum Spread

Large difference of size means large spread 2V f= Turbulence Air motion across beam

=2 f

Average Power Average Power can be given in terms of Doppler velocity or frequency

Pr = S V dV = S f df Pr = N V p V dV

N V p V dV

N V p V dV

Mean Doppler Velocity and Doppler Spectrum Variance A more convenient measure of the Doppler spectrum spread can be given by the variance, 2
Found from mean Doppler velocity

VS V dV
V =

V V 2 S V dV

v =

S V dV

S V dV

Radar Noise Thermal Noise

Thermal excitation of electrons in electrical components Always exists in any electrical system Totally random, but has a normal distribution
Coherent Averaging or Stacking

Quantization Noise
Quantization noise due to rounding errors
Dithering

Coherent Noise
Coherent radar systems use a master oscillator to derive frequencies and timing signals Leakage from these signals into the receiver causes noise
0/ Phase Modulation