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Introduction to Vectors
and Matrices and Their
Operations
FEIGI LOUIE D. PEDRERA

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Objectives:

• 1. show understanding of the concepts of

matrices and vectors in linear algebra.
• 2. perform basic operations on matrices
and vectors, such as addition, scalar
multiplication, matrix multiplication, and
dot product.
• 3. use matrix and vector operations to
solve real-world problems.

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Of Matrices and
Vectors
Why do we need to learn them?

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 Some Applications…
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COMPUTER SCIENCE: matrices are used in image

processing, machine learning, and computer graphics.
Ve c t o r s a r e u s e d i n m o d e l i n g m o t i o n , r e p r e s e n t i n g d a t a
points, and calculating distances.

PHYSICS: matrices and vectors are essential for

describing quantities, such as forces, velocities,
and electric fields.
ECONOMICS: matrices are used to model
economic systems, analyze input-output
relationships, and solve optimization problems.

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What do they look like?

M a t r i x V S Ve c t o r

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Examples and Notations
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An example of a matrix Vector examples

A matrix containing only one column is called a

MATRIX is an array or table consisting of rows
and columns of numbers.
The matrix above have m = 3 rows and n = 4
columns – The matrix A is an 3 x 4 matrix (m x
n matrix)
The entry of A in the i th row and j th column
will be denoted by aij.
column vector and a matrix containing only
one row is called a row vector.
u is a row vector and v is a column vector.
U is a 1 x 3 matrix. V is a 2 x 1 matrix.
Notice that we use the uppercase letter to
denote a Matrix and a lowercase letter for a
vector.
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The entry at a24.= 8 6

 Matrices
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a powerful
style tool in dealing with
systems of linear equations.

• We can let A be coefficient

matrix,
• the output vector b,
• and the augmented matrix [A b]
are:
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 Vectors
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to edit be usedtitle
to describe
style physical quantities such
as speed/length with direction (in 2D, 3D, 4D….nD)

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Lets Operate!

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 Matrix and Vector Addition
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Or more concisely (assuming that A + B = C), cij = aij + bij

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 Matrix and Vector Addition
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Or more concisely (assuming that A + B = C), cij = aij + bij

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 Matrix and Vector Addition
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Example 1: Vector Addition

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 Matrix and Vector Addition
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Example 1: Vector Addition

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 Matrix and Vector Addition
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Example 2: Matrix Addition

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 Matrix and Vector Addition
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Example 3: Matrix Addition (Subtraction)

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Scalar Multiplication on Vectors and Matrices

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Scalar Multiplication on Vectors and Matrices

Example 4: Matrix Scalar Multiplication

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Scalar Multiplication on Vectors and Matrices

Example 5: Vector Scalar Multiplication

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Dot (Inner) Product for Vectors

To give simpler generalization, we take a look a 1x2 vector:

a = [ax ay] and b = [bx by]

a · b = a x bx + ay by
Note that the product is a scalar (neither a vector nor a matrix) 1919
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Dot (Inner) Product for Vectors
Let a = [5 3] and b = [2 7]

a · b = a x bx + a y by
= 5(2) + 3(7)
= 10 + 21
a · b = 31
Example 6: Dot product of vectors
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 Matrix Multiplication
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The product AB is defined only when the number of columns

of A equals the number of rows of B.

(m × n) · (n × p) → m × p
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Matrix Multiplication
Let

Example 7: Matrix Multiplication

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Matrix Multiplication
Let

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Exercises

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Summary
A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. This is
usually used to easily deal with systems of linear equations.
A vector is a type o matrix that either have one row or column.
They can both be used to mathematically describe physical quantities
real-life and therefore have a wide range of application from physics to
economics to computer science.
We can perform operations on vectors and matrices.
For vectors we can:
a. add them
b. Perform scalar multiplication
c. Obtain dot products
For Matrices we can:
a. Add and subtract them
b. Perform scalar multiplication
c. Perform matrix multiplication (column of the first matrix should
be equal to the row of the second matrix)
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Assessment
Answer all the odd numbered
items on the answer sheet
provided by the instructor.

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Assignment
On the next session, submit a
worked-out example of a real-world
problem that uses vector/matrix
operati on. Outputs must include a
complete and detailed soluti on and
some illustrati on or pictures where
applicable. This must be put on an
A4 sheet of paper.

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Thank You!

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