SUMMARIZING THE COURSE

Chapter No. 4

Second Law of
Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICS and LAWS
of THERMODYNAMICS
 Thermodynamics concerned with the
transformation of Energy.

 Laws describe the bounds within which

these transformations are observed to
occur.
FIRST LAW AND ITS
RESTRICTION
 The First Law, stating that energy is
conserved in any ordinary process,
imposes no restriction on the Process
Direction.
 All experience indicates the existence of
such a restriction, the concise statement of
which constitutes the SECOND LAW.
 HEAT AND WORK
 Heat and Work are forms of Energy.
 Quantitative Nature [same]
 Qualitative Nature [differ]

Work (High Valuable) Heat (Less Valuable)

100% 40%

K.E. P.E. Electricity Heat Electrical Mechanical Work

Energy Energy
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
STATEMENTS: (RESULTS OF RESTRICTIONS)
1. No apparatus can operate in such a way that its
only effect (in system and surroundings) is to
convert heat absorbed by a system completely
into work done by the system.

2. No process is possible which consists solely in

the transfer of heat from one temperature level
to a higher one.
1st Statement
 Does not say that Heat can not be converted into work.
 It only says that the process can not leave both the system and
surroundings unchanged.

Expanding of Ideal Gas reversibly at Constant Temperature:

The heat absorbed from the

Surroundings = work produced
by the reversible expansion
dV of the gas.

∆U=0 Contradiction with

1st Statement ?

Work= P dV No  There is change in

Heat System.
 Another Limitation…
Original State The State after Expanding the System Reversibly
doing some work At Constant Temperature
on the System

1 2 3 4
WORK
 New Statement of 2nd Law
1a. It is impossible by a cyclic process
to convert the heat absorbed by a
system completely into work done
by the system.
Cyclic  System be restored periodically to its original state.

Statement 1a. Restriction to a Cyclic Process

Statement 1. Restriction introduced by words Only Effect.

Intention of 2nd Law
 The 2nd Law does not prohibit the production
of work from heat.
 But it does place a limit on the fraction of the
heat that may be converted to work in any
cyclic process.
 The partial conversion of heat into work is the
basis for nearly all commercial production of
power.
 The development of a quantitative expression
for the efficiency of this conversion is the
next step in the treatment of the 2nd law.
Heat Engines
 Heat Engine a device or machine that
produces WORK from HEAT in a CYCLIC
process.

 Example: Steam Power Plant

 STEAM POWER PLANT

Water at Steam Turbine

ambient Exhausted Steam
(at High Press
Temp. And Temp.)
and High
Pressure Boiler
Shaft Work
Boiler Heat To Produce Electricity

Condenser

Cool Water
 GENERALIZED MECHANISM
OF HEAT ENGINE
 Absorption of Heat at high temperature.
 Production of Work
 The rejection of Heat at lower temperature.
High/Low Temperature Levels  Heat Reservoirs
Operation:
Working fluid of Heat Engine absorbs heat |QH| from Hot Reservoir.
Working fluid produces amount of work |W|.
Working fluid of Heat Engine discards heat |QC| to a Cold Reservoir.

By 1st Law |W| = |QH| - |QC|

 EFFICIENCY OF ENGINE
Efficiency = (Net work output) / (Heat Input)
|W| |QH| - |QC|
Efficiency = =
|QH| |QH|
|QC|
Efficiency = 1 -
|QH|
Important Points
 If QC = Zero then Efficiency = 100%
 No Engine has ever built for which Qc =0
 This result of Engineering Experience is the
basis for Statement 1 and 1a of 2nd Law
 CARNOT ENGINE
 Thermal efficiency of 100% is not Possible
 What should be the next approach?
 Improving the Efficiency of Engine and finding the
upper limit.
 HOW?
 Improve the degree of reversibility of Engine’s
Operation.
 CARNOT Engine is a Heat Engine operating in a
completely reversible manner (between two heat
reservoirs)
 CARNOT CYCLE
1. A system initially in thermal equilibrium with a cold reservoir at
temperature TC undergoes a reversible adiabatic process that causes its
temperature to rise to that of a hot reservoir at TH.
2. The system maintains contact with the hot reservoir at TH, and undergoes
a reversible isothermal process during which heat |Q H| is absorbed from
the hot reservoir.
3. The system undergoes a reversible adiabatic process in the opposite
direction of step 1 that brings its temperature back to that of the cold
reservoir at TC.
4. The system maintains contact with the reservoir at T C, and undergoes a
reversible isothermal process in the opposite direction of step 2 that
returns it to its initial state with rejection of heat |Q C| to the cold reservoir
Remaining Topics
 Thermodynamic Temperature Scales

 Entropy

 Mathematical Statement of the 2nd Law