Welcome to

OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
Commercial Air Transport
Operation

Operations of Aircraft
08/29/23 1
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COURSE OBJECTIVE
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o At the end of the course trainees will be able to:

f

A
Describe procedures of International commercial and General
i Aviation operations
r
c
r
Define and describe the different aerodrome operating minima
a
f Determine different requirements of operating international
t
general aviation
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Definition of Terms
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f
Large and Small aeroplane
A Large Aeroplane
i
r An aeroplane of a maximum certificated take-off mass of
c over 5700 kg
r
a
f
Small Aeroplane
t
An aeroplane of maximum certificated take-off mass of
5700 kg or less.
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t2 Aerial Work
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Specialized Services
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Agriculture
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Construction
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c Photography
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a Surveying
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t Observation &Patrol
Search &Rescue
Aerial Advertisement, etc.….
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Commercial Air Transport Operation

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A
An aircraft operation involving the
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r transport of:
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r Passengers,
a
f Cargo or Mail for remuneration or Hire
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General Aviation
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o An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport

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operation or an aerial work operation.
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CREW MEMBER
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o
f
Crew Member
A
A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft
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during a flight duty period
c
r Flight Crew Member
a
f A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the
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operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period
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Pilot-in-Command
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A The pilot designated by the operator, or

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a In the case of general aviation, the owner, as being
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t in command and charged with the safe
conduct of a flight
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Visual Approach
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o
n
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f An approach by an IFR flight
A When either part or all of an instrument approach procedure
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r is not completed, and
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The approach is executed in visual reference to terrain.
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Instrument Approach Procedures
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A
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Non-precision approach and landing operations.
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An instrument approach and landing procedure
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a Utilizes lateral guidance
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t But does not utilize vertical guidance.
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Instrument Approach Procedures
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s (cont’d)
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Approach and landing operations with vertical
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guidance.
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r An instrument approach and landing procedure
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r Utilizes lateral and vertical guidance
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f But does not meet the requirements established for precision
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approach and landing operations.
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Instrument Approach Procedures

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(cont’d)
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o Precision Approach and Landing Operations.

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An instrument approach and landing procedure
A
i using precision lateral and vertical guidance
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c minima is determined by the category of operation.
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a
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Note:- Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the
t guidance provided either by:
a) a ground-based navigation aid; or
b) computer generated navigation data.
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Decision Altitude/Height (DA/H)
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Specified altitude or height in the precision
f
approach, or approach with vertical
A
i guidance at which a missed approach must
r
c be initiated
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a
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 If the required visual reference to
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continue the approach has not been
established
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s Minimum Descent Altitude/Height
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f (MDA/H)
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i
r A specified altitude or height for non precision
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r
a
approach or circling approach below which;
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descent must not be made without the
required visual reference
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Runway Visual Range (RVR)
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The range over which the pilot of an aircraft
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i on the centerline of a runway can see;
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 The runway surface markings or
a
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 The lights delineating the runway or
 Identifying its center line
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Visibility
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For aeronautical purposes it is:
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the greater of:
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i a) the greatest distance at which a black object of
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c suitable dimensions, situated near the
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a
ground, can be seen and recognized when
f observed against a bright background;
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b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity
of 1 000 candelas can be seen and identified
against an unlit background.
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Aerodrome Operating Minima
s

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f

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The Limits of usability of an aerodrome
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- for take off; is expressed in terms of :
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a
 Runway Visual Range/RVR, or
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t  Visibility, and if necessary
 Cloud Conditions
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Aerodrome Operating Minima
cont’d
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The limits of usability of an aerodrome:
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i For landing is expressed in terms of:-
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 precision approach and landing operation
a
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 approach and landing operations with vertical
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guidance
 non-precision approach and landing operation
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Aerodrome Operating Minima (cont’d)
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A
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The Limits of usability of aerodrome for landing in
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precision approach and landing operation
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is expressed in terms of :
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 Visibility and/or
 Runway Visual Range (RVR) or
 DA/H
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o Aerodrome Operating Minima (cont’d)
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A The Limits of usability of aerodrome for landing in

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r approach and landing operation with
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vertical guidance is expressed in terms of :
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t  Visibility and/or
 Runway visual range/RVR
 DA/H
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n Aerodrome Operating Minima (cont’d)
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A
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The Limits of usability of an aerodrome for landing
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in non-precision approach and landing
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operation is expressed in terms of:
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 Visibility and/or
 Runway visual range/RVR
 MDA/H and,
 Cloud Conditions, if necessary
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n Category of Precision Approach and
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Landing Operation
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CAT I
A
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DH not lower than 60m(200ft)
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r Visibility not lower than 800m,or
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f RVR not lower than 550m
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CAT II
DH Lower than 200ft but not lower than 100ft
RVR not less than 350m
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Category of Precision Approach and
o Landing Operation (cont’d)
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A CAT IIIA
i
r Lower than 100ft or no DH restriction
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r RVR not less than 200m
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CAT IIIB
Lower than 50ft or No DH restriction
RVR not less than 50m
CAT IIIC
No DH restriction
No RVR limitations
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s Alternate Aerodrome
o
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A
i Take-off alternate
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r En-route alternate
a
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ETOPS en-route alternate
Destination alternate
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Aircraft Operation Manual
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Acceptable to the state of the operator
A Contains normal, abnormal and emergency procedures
i
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Contains:
r Checklists
a
f Limitations
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Performance information of the aircraft
Details of the aircraft systems, and
Other materials relevant to the operation of a/c
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Flight Manual
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o A manual, associated with the certificate of

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airworthiness and,
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i Contains:
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Limitations within which the aircraft is to be considered
r airworthy, and
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f Instructions and information necessary to the flight crew
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members for the safe operation of the aircraft
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Operations Manual
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A manual containing
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guidance for use by personnel in the execution of their duties
Prepared by the operator
Approved by the state of the operator
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s Flight Time - Aeroplane
o
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A The total time

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From the moment an aeroplane first moves for the purpose
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a
of taking off
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Until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the
flight
Block to block time, or
Chock to chock time
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Flight duty period
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The total time from the moment a flight crew member

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o commences duty, immediately subsequent to a

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rest period and prior to making a flight or a series
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of flight, to the moment the flight crew member is
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relieved of all duties having completed such flight
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or serious of flights.
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Flight Recorder
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Flight recorder:- is any type of recorder installed in the

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o aircraft for the purpose complementing

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accident/incident investigation.
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EMERGENCY LOCATOR
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TRANSMITTER (ELT)
f

A
i
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Automatic fixed ELT (ELT(AF)).
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r An automatically activated ELT which is permanently
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f attached to an aircraft.
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Automatic portable ELT (ELT(AP)).
An automatically activated ELT which is rigidly attached to
an aircraft but readily removable from the aircraft.
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EMERGENCY LOCATOR
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TRANSMITTER (ELT) (cont’d)

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f Automatic Deployable ELT (ELT(AD)).
A An ELT which is rigidly attached to an aircraft
i
r automatically deployed and activated by impact, in some
c cases, also by hydrostatic sensors. Manual
r
a deployment is also provided.
f
t Survival ELT (ELT(S)).
An ELT which is removable from an aircraft, stowed so as to
facilitate its ready use in an emergency,
manually activated by survivors.
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Master Minimum Equipment List
(MMEL)
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f Established for a particular aircraft type by a/c designer
A
i
Approved by the State of Design
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c Contains items which are permitted to be unserviceable
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a at the commencement of flight, and
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t Associated operating conditions, limitations and
procedures
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CONFIGURATION DEVIATION LIST
(CDL)
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o Established by the type designer

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Approved by the state of design
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f Identifies any external parts which may be missing at
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the commencement of the flight

The associated operating limitations

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s MINIMUM EQUIPMENT LIST (MEL)
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Prepared by the operator
In conformity with MMEL or
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more restrictive than the MMEL
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State of the Operator
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f

A The state in which the operators principal

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place of business is located, or
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f The operators permanent residence
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State of Registry
s

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f

A
i The state on whose register the aircraft is
entered
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Synthetic Flight Trainer

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Flight Simulator
Accurate representation of the flight deck
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A
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r of a particular a/c type
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a Flight characteristics of that particular type
of aircraft are realistically simulated
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n Synthetic Flight Trainer (cont’d)
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o
f

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Flight Procedures Trainer
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Realistic flight deck environment
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Simulates instrument responses and control functions of
a aircraft system
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t Performance and flight characteristics of aircraft of a
particular class
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Synthetic Flight Trainer (cont’d)
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Basic Instrument Flight Trainer
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– Equipped with appropriate instruments, and
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which Simulates the flight deck environment of
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t an a/c in flight in Instrument flight conditions.
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Introduction
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ICAO publication Annex 6, titled Operation of
f
Aircraft, contains the international
A
i Standards and Recommended Practices
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c (SARPs) applicable to the issuing of an air
operator’s certificate (AOC) to conduct
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a
f
t international commercial air transport.
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p Introduction…cont’d
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/ It has a JAA counterpart, EU-OPS, which is based on
t2 Annex 6. The ICAO document is published in three
i parts covering:
3
o Part 1 -Aeroplanes used in International
n Commercial Air Transport
s
Part 2- Aeroplanes used in General Aviation
o
f Part 3 - Helicopters used in International Commercial Air
Transport

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p Introduction…cont’d
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For this course, the syllabus references concern only
a
/ Annex 6 Part 1.
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i The SARPs relate to the responsibilities of the Operator;
o the responsibilities of the Commander.
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The learning objectives for Annex 6 are limited to;
s
-specific definitions and ;
o
f -internationally agreed laws, regulations and
procedures
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Applicability
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s All employees abroad
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A Shall know and comply with the laws of the state in which operations
i
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are conducted.
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Because Annex 6 contains the international standards which must be
a embodied in national law.
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t

The pilot-in-command shall

– comply with the relevant laws, regulations and procedures
of the States in which the aeroplanes operated.
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s PILOT-IN-COMMAND
o
f

The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for the

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c
r safety of:
a
f
t
all crew members,
passengers and
cargo on board when the doors are closed.
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PILOT-IN-COMMAND
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f The pilot-in-command shall also be responsible for
A the operation and safety of the aeroplane
i
r From the moment the aeroplane is ready to move for the
c
r purpose of taking off until the moment it finally
a
f comes to rest at the end of the flight and the
t
engine(s) used as primary propulsion units are shut
down.
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Flight Operations
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f
Operating facilities
A A flight shall not be commenced unless ground and/or water
i
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facilities required are adequate
c
r Inadequacy of the facilities shall be reported to the
a
f concerned
t
Aerodromes and their facilities shall be kept available for
flight operations irrespective of weather conditions
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Operational Certification and Supervision

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An operator shall posses valid air operator
A
certification
i
r The certificate shall specify conditions and limitations
c
r
a
An operator shall demonstrate:
f
t Adequate organization
Method of control and supervision
Training program and maintenance arrangements
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Operational certification and supervision

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A The air operator certificate shall contain at least the

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r following:
c
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a
Operator’s identification (name, location)
f
t Date of issue & period of validity
Description of the type of operation
The type of a/c authorized for use, and
Authorized area of operation
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Operational Certification and Supervision
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o The state of the operator shall establish;

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System of certification
A
i
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System of continued surveillance of the operator
c
r To ensure that the required standards of operations are
a
f
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maintained
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Operations Manual
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n
s
An operations manual :
o
Shall be provided by the operator for use and guidance of
f operations personnel
A Shall be amended or revised
i
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c
Shall be provided to the state of the operator, for:
r Review
a
f Acceptance and
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Approval
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Operating Instructions
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All ops personnel shall be properly instructed:
A In their particular duties, and
i
r Responsibilities
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Operating Instructions
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An airplane shall not be taxied unless the person in control :
o
Has been duly authorized by the operator or designated agent
f Is fully competent to taxi an a/p
A Is qualified to use radio telephony
i
r Has received instruction on ;
c
r Aerodrome lay out, signals, markings, ATC signals phraseology and
a procedures
f
t Is able to conform to standards
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Operating instructions
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n
s Emergency and abnormal situations shall not be
o simulated when
f

A
i
r Passengers or
c
r Cargo, are being on board
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Operating Instructions
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Checklists
To ensure compliance with the operating procedures, flight crew
o
f members shall use checklists:
A
Prior
i During, and
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c After all phases of operations, and
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a
In emergency
f  The design and utilization of checklist must consider human
t factors principle
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MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
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The operator shall establish minimum flight altitude
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s

o Shall not be less than those established by the state

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A
Method of determination shall be specified
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Shall not be lower than those specified in annex-2
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Aerodrome Operating Minima
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Shall be established for each aerodrome to be used
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s

o Shall not be lower than that may be established by the

f

A
state
i
r This standard does not require the state to establish aerodrome
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operating minima
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Aerodrome Operating Minima
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In establishing aerodrome operating minima, full
o
account shall be taken of:
f
Type, performance and handling characteristics of the aerodrome
i Composition, competence and experience of the flight crew
A

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c Dimension and characteristics of the runway
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Aerodrome Operating Minima
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The adequacy and performance of the visual and non visual
n
s

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ground aids
f
The equipment available on the aeroplane
A
i The obstacle on the approach and missed approach area and
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c OCH
r
a The means used to determine and report meteorological
f
t conditions
The obstacle in the climb out areas and necessary clearance
margins
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o
n
Aerodrome Operating Minima
s

o
f

A
i CAT II and CAT III instrument approach and landing operations
r
c shall not be authorized unless RVR information is
r
a provided
f
t
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Threshold Crossing Height
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s Threshold crossing height for precision approaches
o Procedures shall be designed to grant safe margin while crossing
f
threshold
A
i
r
c
r
a
f
t
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/
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o
Fuel and Oil Records
n
s

o
f
Record shall be maintained to enable the state of the
A
operator to ascertain that the requirement
i
r
(standard) is maintained
c
r Records shall be maintained at least for a period of
a
f
t
three months
6
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CREW
a
/
t2
i3
o
One pilot acting as pilot in command shall be designated
n
s
for each flight
o
f Rules regarding ,flight time, flight duty periods, and rest

A periods shall be formulated to provide adequate

i
r
rest periods for all its crew members
r Current records of flight time , flight duty periods and
c

a
f
rest periods shall be maintained
t
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r9 Lighting of Aircraft
a
/ The Rules of the Air cover the instances where
t2 aircraft are required to show lights.
3
i
o -navigation lights and
n
s -anti- collision lights.

o N.B-Other lights (landing lights, ice detection lights, instrument panel

lights and cabin lighting) are not subject to statutory use and not
f covered in this section

A
i
6
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p Navigation
8
6 Lights
/e
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a
/
LEFT
(PORT)
RIGHT
(STARBOARD)
RIGHT
(STARBOARD)
LEFT
(PORT)
SIDE SIDE
t2 110° 110°
SIDE
180°
SIDE

3
i
o
n 140° Air craft is coming to
you
s TAIL LIGHT

o
f

A
i
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PASSENGERS
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s Passengers shall be familiar with the location and use
o of:
f
Seat belts
A
i
r
Emergency exits
c
r Life jackets
a
f Oxygen dispensing equipment
t
Other emergency equipment provided for individual use
Passenger emergency briefing cards
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PASSENGERS
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s
Passengers shall be informed:
o
About location
f
General manner of use, and
A
i Principal emergency equipment on board for collective use
r
c In an emergency during flight:
r
a Passengers shall be instructed in such emergency action, as
f
t appropriate to the circumstances
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PASSENGERS
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s Passengers shall be secured in seat belts:
o During take-off
f

A
During landing
i
r
In case of turbulence, and
c
r During in flight emergency
a
f
t
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a
/
Flight Preparation
t2
i3
o
n
s Before Commencing a Flight;
o Flight preparation forms shall be completed
f

A
The pilot in command must be satisfied that;
i The aeroplane is airworthy
r
c The necessary instruments and equipment are installed and are
r
a sufficient for the flight
f
t
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a
/
Flight Preparation
t2
i3
o
n
s
Before Commencing a Flight;
A maintenance release has been issued
o
f Mass and center of gravity is in a safe margin
A Load is properly distributed and safely secured
i
r Operating limitation is checked
c
r Operational FPL is compiled as to the standard
a
f
t
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a
/
Flight Preparation
t2
i3
o
Flight preparation forms shall be kept for a period of
n
s

o three months
f

A
Operational FPL shall be completed for every flight:
i
r Approved and signed by PIC
c
r Signed by the flight operation officer/dispatcher
a
f
t
Copy shall be filed with the operator
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a
/
Flight Preparation
t2
i3
o
n
s The operations manual must describe the content and
o use of the operation FPL
f

A
i
r
c
r
a
f
t
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/

Alternate Aerodromes
t2
i3
o
n
s

o Take-off alternate aerodrome

f
Shall be specified:
A
i If weather condition is at or below minima
r
c
If it would be impossible to return for other reasons
r
a
For aeroplanes having two engines
f
t
1hr flight time at single engine cruise speed
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a
/
Alternate Aerodromes
t2
i3
o
n
s

o
f Take-off alternate aerodrome
A
i
For aeroplanes having three or more power units
r 2hrs flight time at one engine –inoperative cruise speed
c
r
a
The conditions shall be at or above the aerodrome
f operating minima at the time of use
t
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Alternate Aerodromes
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s En route Alternate Aerodrome
o Extended range operations by aeroplanes with two turbine units
f
ETOPS en-route alternate
A
i Threshold Time
r
c
r
Destination Alternate Aerodrome
a
f At least one ,for IFR flight unless,
t
Landing may be made under VMC
Aerodrome is isolated
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Weather Conditions
a
/
t2
i3
o
VFR flights shall not be commenced:
n
s

o Unless met reports and route forecasts indicate that VMC

f

A
can be maintained without interruption
r IFR flights shall not be commenced
i

c
r Unless the weather conditions at destination or alt. aerodrome is
a
f above minima at the time of arrival
t
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Weather Conditions
a
/
t2
i3
o
Operation in icing conditions must be certified
n
s

o A flight to operate in icing conditions shall not take off

f

A
unless:
i
r The aeroplane is inspected for icing
c
r De-icing/anti-icing treatment is given
a
f
t
Accumulation of ice or contaminants are removed
7
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9
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Fuel and Oil Supply
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s

o All aeroplanes
f
Shall carry sufficient fuel and oil to ensure that it can safely
A
i complete the flight
r
c Shall carry a reserve to provide for contingency taking into
r
a
account:
f Meteorological conditions
t
Any expected delays
8
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a
/

Fuel and Oil Supply

t2
i3
o
n
s

o Propeller driven aeroplanes

f

A
When destination alt. is required
i
r
To fly to destination aerodrome, Plus
c
r
To fly to the most critical alternate aerodrome, plus
a
f
For a period of 45 minutes, or
t
8
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8
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a
/
t2 Fuel and Oil Supply
i3
o
n
s

o Propeller driven aeroplanes

f
When destination alternate is required
A
i To fly to alternate Aerodrome Via any predetermined point,
r
c
plus
r For a period of 45 minutes
a
f
t
Note: This time shall not be less than that required to fly
to destination aerodrome and
For 45min plus 15% of the flight time at the
cruising level, or 2 hrs. whichever is
less
8
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a
/
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o
n
Fuel and Oil Supply
s

o
f
When a destination alt aerodrome is not required:
A If landing may be made under VMC:
i
r To fly to destination aerodrome, plus
c
r 45 min. Minutes
a
f
t
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8
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a
/
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o
n Fuel and Oil Supply
s

o
f

A
When the aerodrome is isolated:
i
r To fly to destination aerodrome, and
c
r 45 minutes, plus
a
f
t
15% of the flight time at cruising level, or
Two hours, whichever is less
8
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a
/
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o
Fuel and Oil Supply
n
s

o
f

A
Aeroplanes equipped turbo-jet engines:
i
r When destination alternate is required:
c
r To fly to destination aerodrome.
a
f
To execute an approach and missed approach, plus
t To fly to alternate aerodrome, Plus
To fly for 30 minutes at holding speed at 1500ft above the
alt aerodrome approach and land, and
Additional amount for contingencies, or
8
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5
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a
/
t2 Fuel and Oil Supply
i3

Aeroplanes equipped turbo-jet engines:

o
n
s

o When destination alternate is required

f
To fly to the alt. Adm. Via any predetermined point ,and
A
i
There after for 30 min at 1500ft above the alternate
r aerodrome, And
c
r Additional amount for contingencies
a
f This amount shall not be less than:
t
the amount of fuel required to fly to the aerodrome to which
the flight is planned, and
thereafter for two hrs. at normal cruise consumption
8
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Fuel and Oil Supply

a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s

o When alt. Aerodrome is not required:

f
If landing may be made under VMC
A
i To fly to destination Aerodrome, Plus
r
c Fly for 30min at holding speed at 1500ft above the aerodrome,
r plus
a
f Additional amount for contingencies
t
If the aerodrome is isolated:
To fly to destination Aerodrome, Plus
For a period of 2 hrs. at normal cruising consumption
8
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a
/
t2 Fuel and Oil Supply
i3
o
n
s
Factors to be considered in computing fuel
o
f requirement:
A
i
Meteorological conditions
r
c
ATC routings and traffic delays
r
a Instrument and missed approach procedures
f
t Procedures for
Loss of pressurization
Failure of one power unit
Any other conditions that result in delay
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a
/
t2
Refueling with Passengers on Board
i3
o
n
s

o
An aeroplane shall not be refueled when passengers
f are:
A
i Embarking
r
c On board, or
r
a Disembarking, unless:
f
t
Attended by qualified personnel ready to
initiate and direct evacuation
8
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a
/
t2
i3
o
n Refueling with Passengers on Board
s

o
f

A
i When refueling with passengers embarking, onboard
r
c or disembarking:
r
a Two way communication between ground crew and
f
t qualified personnel on board the aeroplane
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/
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o
n
Oxygen supply
s

o
f

A
i
r
Approximate altitude in the ISA conditions
c
r corresponding to the values of absolute
a
f pressure are as follows:
t
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o
Oxygen Supply
n
s

o
f Absolute Pressure Feet
A
i
r
c
700 HPA 10000
r
a
620 HPA 13000
f
t 376 HPA 25000
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a
/
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i3
o Oxygen Supply
n
s

o
f

A Where pressure is less than 700Hpa

i
r Breathing oxygen shall be carried to supply
c
r All crew members, and
a
f 10% of the passengers for any period in excess of 30 min,
t that the pressure will be between 700-620 Hpa.,
and
The crew and passengers for any period that the pressure
will be less than 620 Hpa
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a
/
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i3
o
Oxygen Supply
n
s

o
f For a pressurized aeroplane
A In case of loss of pressurization:
i
r
c
To all the crew members and passengers where
r the pressure is less than 700Hpa
a
f
t
To all the occupants of the passenger
compartment
For at least 10 min, when operated at an alt. where
pressure is less than 376Hpa. or
cannot descend within 4 min. to 600Hpa
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/
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o
In-Flight Procedures
n
s

o
f
Aerodrome operating minima
A
A flight shall not be continued unless:
i
r
c
r
The latest information indicates landing can be effected at
a the destination aerodrome ,or
f
t

at least, at one destination Alternate Aerodrome

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a
/
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i3
o In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
n
s

o
f
An instrument approach shall not be continued
A
i beyond:
r
c
r
Outer marker in case of precision
a
f
approach, or
t
1000ft above the aerodrome in case of
non precision approach, unless:
The reported visibility, or
RVR in above minima
9
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a
/
t2
i3
o
n
In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
s

o
f
If RVR/Visibility falls below the specified minima:
A
i after you have already passed the outer marker or 1000ft,
r
c approach may be continued to DA/H or MDA/H.
r
a In any case, an airplane shall not continue its approach
f
t
beyond a point at which the aerodrome operating
minima would be infringed.
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a
/
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i3

In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)

o
n
s

o
f

A
i
r Hazardous flight conditions
c
r
a
Shall be reported as soon as possible to ATS units
f
t The report shall give details as may be pertinent to the safety
of other aircraft
Exceptions:- meteorological conditions
9
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In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)

2
r9
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s Flight crew members at duty stations
o Shall be at their stations during take-off and landing
f

A During en-route, flight crew member can leave their

i
r duty stations only :
c
r For physiological needs, or
a
f
t
For performance duties in connection with the operation of
the aeroplane
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In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s Seat belts
o All flight crew members shall keep their seat belts fastened when
f
at their duty stations
A
i
r
Safety harness
c
r Any flight crew member occupying pilot’s seats during take off
a
f
and landing
t
All other flight crew member during take off and landing:
Unless the shoulder straps interface with the performance of their
duties
1
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a
/
t2
In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
i3
o
n
s
Use of oxygen
o
 All flight crew members shall use breathing
f
oxygen continuously
A
i
r
c when the circumstances prevail
r
a
f
when operating above an altitude where the atmospheric
t pressure is less than 376 Hpa

Quick donning type of oxygen mask which will readily supply

oxygen upon demand must be available
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o
In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
n
s

o
f
In-flight operational instruction
A
Operational instructions involving a change in ATC FPL
i
r
shall be coordinated with ATC before transmission
c to the aeroplane
r
a
f
If not coordinated the pilot in command is responsible for
t any change made to the flight plan
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a
/
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i3
In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
o
n
s

o Instrument flight procedures:-

f

A
i
r
Shall be approved and promulgated by the state of the
c
r
operator.
a
f All IFR flights shall comply with the instrument flight
t
procedures approved by the state
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In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)

a
/
t2
i3
o
n
s

o
Duties of pilot-in-command
f Responsible for the safety of:
A All crew members
i
r All passengers, and
c
r Cargo, on board when the doors are closed
a
f Responsible for the operation and safety of the aeroplane
t
during flight time
Shall ensure check-lists are complied with
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a
/
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o
n
s
In-Flight Procedures (cont’d)
o
f

A Duties of pilot-in-command
i
r Responsible for notifying any accident involving the
c
r aeroplane
a
f Responsible for reporting all known or suspected defects in
t
the aeroplane
Responsible for the journey logbook
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/
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o
n Duties of Flight Operations Officer
s

o
f

A
Assist the pilot-in-command in flight preparation
i
r Assist the pilot-in-command in preparing operational and ATC
c
r
FPL
a
f Furnish the pilot-in-command while in flight with necessary
t
information
Initiate emergency procedures
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a
/
Duties of Flight Operations Officer (cont’d)
t2
i3
o
n
s

o
f
Duties of flight operations officer
A
A flight operations officer shall avoid taking any actions that
i
r
would conflict with the procedures established by:
c
r
Air traffic control
a
f
The meteorological service
t The communications service
1
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a
/
t2
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o
Carry On Baggage
n
s

o
f
The operator shall ensure that
A
i
r
All baggage carried onto an aeroplane, and
c
r
All baggage taken into the passenger cabin are adequately
a
f
and securely stowed
t
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ETOPS
a
/
t2
Extended range operations by aeroplanes with two turbine
i3
o
n
s units
oThreshold time
f

AIs not an operating limit rather it is,

i
r
c
Flight time from an adequate en-route alternate aerodrome
r
a beyond which the state of the operator must give
f
t particular consideration to the aeroplane and
the operation before granting authorization
1
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/
t2
ETOPS
i3
o
n
s

o An aeroplane with two turbine power units shall not

f

A
be operated,
i
r
On a route where the flight time at single engine cruise
c
r
speed to an adequate en-route alternate aerodrome
a exceeds the threshold time established by the state
f
t of the operator
Unless, specifically approved by the state
1
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/

Aeroplane Flight Crew

t2
i3
o
n
s

o
f
Composition of the flight crew
A Shall not be less than specified in the operations manual
i
r The number may be increased based on:
c
r The type of aeroplane used
a
f The type of operation involved
t
Duration of flight between points where flight crews are
changed
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a
/
t2
i3
o
n Aeroplane Flight Crew
s

o
f

A
i
r Flight crew member emergency duties
c
r
a
Shall be assigned functions to perform during emergency or
f emergency requiring evacuation
t
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a
/
Qualifications
t2
i3
o
n
s Recent experience:-Pilot-In-Command
o Three take-offs and three landings in the preceding
f
90 days, on the same type of aeroplane
A
i
r
Recent experience:- Co-pilot
c
r Three take-offs and landings as pilot-in-command or
a
f
co-pilot in the preceding 90 days
t
Demonstrate competence to act as co-pilot on simulator
1
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Qualifications (cont’d)
a
/
t2
i3
o
Recent experience:- co-pilot
n
s

oA co-pilot shall not be assigned to operate at the flight

f
controls during take off and landing unless on the
A
i same type of air plane within the preceding 90
r
c days, that co-pilot has operated the flight controls,
r
a as a PIC or as a co-pilot, during three take-offs
f
t and landings or otherwise demonstrated
competence to act as co-pilot on a flight simulator
approved for the purpose.
1
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/
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o
n
s
Qualifications
o
f

A
i
r
c Pilot-In-Command:- Route and Airport Qualification
r
a Shall not act as pilot-in-command on a route for which he is
f
t not currently qualified
1
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o
n
s
Qualifications
o
f

A The pilot shall have the knowledge of:

i
r The route and aerodrome to be used
c
r The terrain and minimum safe altitude
a
f The seasonal meteorological conditions
t
Met., com., and ATC facilities, SVC, procedure
SAR procedures
Navigational facilities and procedures
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/
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o
n
s
Qualifications
o
f

A The pilot shall have the knowledge of:

i
r
c
Procedures applicable to:
r
a
Flight path over heavily populated areas and high air traffic
f density
t
Physical layout, lighting, approach aids
STAR (IAP), SID, at least in simulator
Aerodrome operating minima
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r9
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/
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i3
o
Qualifications
n
s

o
f A Pilot-In-Command shall have made an actual
A
i
approach into each aerodrome of landing on
r
c
the route
r
a Accompanied by a pilot who is qualified for the aerodrome
f
t as a member of a flight crew, or as an observer
Exceptions
The approach to the aerodrome is not over a difficult terrain
1
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/
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o Qualifications
n
s

o EXCEPTIONS:
f

A
Similar instrument approach procedures
i
r
Margin to the operating minima
c
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Visual approach certainly made
a
f
Descent from the initial approach altitude can be made by
t day in VMC
Adequate pictorial representation
The aerodrome is adjacent to another aerodrome at which
the PIC is currently qualified
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To act as pilot-in-command on a certain route:
i
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c
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between the terminal points of the route as
a Pilot member
f
t Check pilot
An observer
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o Pilot proficiency checks

f

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Pilots competence shall be checked
i
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Piloting technique
c
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Emergency procedures
a
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IFR routes
t Check pilot
Twice within any period of one year
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Pilot proficiency checks
i
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c
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shall not alone satisfy the requirement
a
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6.1 General
In addition to minimum equipment for issuance of
airworthiness certificate, the following will be carried:
Instruments, equipment, and flight documents appropriate to
circumstances flight is operated.

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6.1 General
Aeroplane shall carry:
Certified copy of Air Operator Certificate
Including limitations and conditions relevant to Air Operator
Certificate.

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6.1 General
Operator will include in Operations Manual:
Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
To enable PIC to determine if flight may commence or continue
from intermediate stop, should equipment become
inoperative.

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6.2.2 All aeroplanes on all flights

Accessible and adequate medical supplies
appropriate to number of passengers aeroplane is
authorized to carry
Recommended Medical Supplies:
1 or more first aid kits
Medical kit for use of medical doctor in treating in flight
medical emergencies on aeroplanes with more than
250 passengers.

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6.2.2 All aeroplanes on all flights

Portable fire extinguishers
Each passenger compartment

Note: Any portable fire extinguisher so fitted in accordance

with the certificate of airworthiness of the aeroplane may
count as one prescribed.

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6.2.2 All aeroplanes on all flights

Seat for each person over age
determined by State of Operator

Ethiopian Airline Policy:

Infants are ages 0-23 months and
my be booked without a seat,
accompanied by adult.

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6.2.2 All aeroplanes on all flights
Seatbelt for each seat
Means of ensuring that the following information and
instructions are conveyed to passengers:
When seat belts are fastened
When and how oxygen equipment is to be used if the carriage
of oxygen is required
Smoking restrictions
Location and use of life
jackets / floatation devices
Location and method to open emergency exits.
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6.2.4 Marked Break-In Points

Areas of suitable break-in points for rescue crews are
marked on outside of aeroplane.

Emergency Break-In
Here

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6.3 Flight Recorders - FDR

All aeroplanes of maximum takeoff mass over 27,000
kg shall be equipped with Type I Flight Data Recorders
(FDR)
All aeroplanes of maximum takeoff mass over 5,700 kg
up to and including 27,000 kg shall be equipped with
Type II FDR
Most FDR’s record up to 25 hours information.

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6.3 Flight Recorders - CVR

All aeroplanes of maximum takeoff mass over 27,000
kg shall be equipped with a Cockpit Voice Recorder
(CVR)
CVR’s retain at least the last 30 minutes information.

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6.5.2 Aeroplanes on Flights over Water

When flying over water at a distance of more than 93
km away from the shore
When flying enroute over water beyond gliding distance
from the shore
• Taking off / landing at aerodrome
where in opinion of State of
Operator, takeoff / approach path
is over water where a mishap
could result in ditching.
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6.5.2.2 Aeroplanes on Flights over Water

Shall have one life jacket or equivalent individual
floatation device for each person on board, stowed in a
position easily accessible

Note: All Ethiopian operated

aeroplanes must have life jackets
for each occupants. (FOM).

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6.5.3 Aeroplanes - Long Range Over Water Flights

In addition to previous (6.5.2), following equipment
installed on aeroplanes used over routes over water at
distances 120 minutes at cruising speed or 740 km
Life rafts in sufficient numbers to carry all persons on board
Stowed for ready use
Equipped with life saving equipment
Pyrotechnical distress signals (flares).

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6.6 Aeroplanes - Flights Over Designated Land

Areas
“Designated Areas” listed by the State as areas of
concern for search and rescue procedures would be
difficult
Signaling devices
Life saving equipment (including means of sustaining life)
Appropriate to areas overflown.

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6.7 Aeroplanes on High Altitude Flights

Aeroplanes operated above 10,000 feet shall be
equipped with oxygen storage and dispensing apparatus
equipment
Aeroplanes operated less than 10,000 feet but capable of
operating above 10,000 feet must also be equipped with
oxygen storage and dispensing equipment.

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6.7 Aeroplanes on High Altitude Flights

Aircraft (produced after 1 July 1962) intended to
operate above 25,000 feet shall be equipped with a
device to provide positive warning to pilot of dangerous
loss of pressurization.

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6.7 Aeroplanes on High Altitude Flights

Aeroplanes intended to operate above 25,000 feet, or
can not descend to 13,000 feet within 4 minutes shall:
Be provided with automatic deployable oxygen equipment
Total number of oxygen dispensing units shall exceed number of
passenger and cabin crew seats by at least 10%.

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6.8 All aeroplanes in icing conditions

All aeroplanes shall be equipped with suitable de-icing
and/or anti-icing devices,
When operated in circumstances in which icing
conditions are reported to exist or are expected to be
encountered.

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6.9 Aeroplanes Operated IFR

Shall be equipped with:
Magnetic compass
Accurate timepiece (hours, minutes, seconds)
Two sensitive pressure altimeters
Airspeed indicator with ice protections
Turn and slip indicator
Attitude indicator.

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6.9 Aeroplanes Operated IFR

Shall be equipped with:
Heading indicator
Means to indicate power to gyro instruments adequate
Outside air temperature
Rate of climb / descent indicator
Any other instruments required by Authority.

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6.11 Pressurized aeroplanes when carrying passengers –

weather radar

Recommendation: Pressurized aeroplane when

carrying passengers should be equipped with operative
weather radar…..

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6.14 Mach Number Indicator

Aeroplanes with speed limitations expressed in Mach
number shall have a Mach number indicator.

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6.15 Aeroplanes Requiring Ground Proximity Warning

Systems (GPWS)
All turbine engine aeroplanes with maximum takeoff
mass in excess of 5,700 kg or authorized to carry more
than 9 passengers.

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6.17 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Aeroplanes operating over water will be equipped with
two ELTs
Aeroplanes operating over designated land areas will be
equipped with at least one ELT.

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6.18 Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)

From 2003, all turbine engine aeroplanes with:
Maximum takeoff weight in excess of 15,000 kg or
Authorized to carry more than 30 passengers,
Shall be equipped with ACAS.

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7.1 Communication Equipment

Aeroplane shall have radio equipment capable of:
Conducting two-way communication for aerodrome control
purposes
Receiving weather information at any time in flight
Conducting two-way communication any time in flight with at
least one aeronautical station
Shall be able to communicate on emergency frequency
121.5 MHz
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7.2 Navigation Equipment

Aeroplane shall have navigation equipment enabling it
to proceed:
In accordance with flight plan
Requirements of air traffic services.

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7.2.4 Navigation Equipment

Flight in Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
(RVSM) of 1,000 feet applied between FL290 and
FL410, aeroplane will be equipped with
equipment:
Indicating to flight crew flight level flown,
Automatically maintaining a selected flight level,
Providing alert to flight crew of deviation ±300 ft.,
Automatically reporting pressure altitude
Authorized by state for RVSM.
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7.2.5 Navigational Equipment

Prior to granting RVSM approval the state shall
Make sure vertical navigation performance meets requirements
in Appendix 4
Operator has appropriate maintenance program to check system
reliability
Operator trains flight crew for operation in RVSM airspace.

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Aeroplane to
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8.1 Operator’s Maintenance Responsibilities

Operators in accordance with State of Registry:

Aeroplane maintained in airworthy condition
Operational and emergency equipment necessary to flight is
serviceable
Certificate of Airworthiness remains valid.

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8.3 Maintenance Program

Operator shall provide for use and guidance a
maintenance program approved by State of Registry.

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8.4 Maintenance Records

Records to be kept:
Total time in service and all life limited components
Status of compliance with mandatory continuing airworthiness
information
Details of modifications and repairs
Time in service since last overhaul of aeroplane.

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8.4 Maintenance Records

Records to be kept:
Current status of aeroplane’s compliance with maintenance
program
Detailed records to show all requirements of signing
maintenance release is met
Records are kept:
Minimum 90 days after unit permanently withdrawn from
service
Maintenance release records minimum one year after signing
release.
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8.8 Maintenance Release

Shall be completed and signed to certify work
performed is completed with approved procedures
Maintenance Release contains:
Details of maintenance carried out
Date completed
If applicable, identity of maintenance organization
Identity of person signing release.

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Flight

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9.2 Flight Crew Member Emergency Duties

Annual training of Emergency Procedures will be
required by the operator, including:
Use of all emergency & life saving equipment
Drills in emergency evacuation of aeroplane.

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9.3 Flight Crew Member Training Programs

Operator established, state approved
Include ground / flight training facilities
Properly qualified instructors (determined by state)
Ground / flight training in appropriate type (s) aircraft.

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9.3 Flight Crew Member Training Programs

Include flight crew coordination in all types of
Emergency and abnormal situations
Procedures caused by power plant, airframe, system
malfunctions, fire, or other abnormalities.

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9.3 Flight Crew Member Training Programs

Include training in knowledge / skills related to VFR
and IFR procedures for area of operation
Human performance including
Threat and Error Management
Transport of Dangerous Goods.

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9.3 Flight Crew Member Training Programs

Flight crew members understand responsibilities
Can communicate to other crew members
Abnormal and Emergency situations.

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9.3 Flight Crew Member Training Programs

Flight crew’s will be given training on a recurrent basis
Determined by State
Include assessment of competence.

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9.3 Notes
Prohibits in flight simulation of emergency or abnormal
situations with passengers or cargo
Flight training may be given in a flight simulation device,
state approval
Scope of recurrent training may be varied, not as extensive
as initial training in aeroplane
Correspondence courses and written exams may be used,
state approval.

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9.4.4 Pilot Proficiency Checks

Verify pilot:
Ability to execute emergency procedures
IFR competency
Performed twice within any period of one year
Two checks performed within a 4 month period do not satisfy
requirement
May be performed in approved simulator.

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9.5 Flight Crew Equipment

Flight crew members assessed as fit to exercise
privileges of a Licence (have a valid medical)
But required by medical to use correcting lenses to see must:
Have a spare set of correcting lenses readily available when
exercising privileges.

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9.6 Flight Time, Flight Duty Periods, & Rest Periods

State of Operator shall establish regulations for
limitations on flight and duty periods for flight crew
members
Regulations shall make provisions for adequate rest
periods to ensure fatigue accumulated does not endanger
safety of flight.

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Flight Operations Officer

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Flight Operations / Flight Dispatchers are required

to:
Be Licensed in accordance with Annex 1
Will receive training by operator each 12 months.

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Manuals, Logs, &toRecords

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11.5 Records of Emergency & Survival Equipment

Carried
Operators shall be able to communicate with rescue
centers
List of all emergency and survival equipment carried on board
any aeroplane engaged in international navigation.

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11.6 Flight Recorder Records

Operator will ensure, if possible the preservation of all
related flight recorder records and keep them in safe
custody in event of accident or incident.

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12.1 Assignment of Emergency Duties

Operator shall establish to satisfaction of the State of
Operation
Minimum number of cabin crew required for each type of
aeroplane, based on:
Seating capacity or number of passengers carried,
In order of safe & expeditious evacuation of aeroplane, and
Necessary functions performed in an emergency or a
situation requiring emergency evacuation.

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Welcome
Securityto

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13.2 Security of Flight Crew Compartment

All aeroplanes equipped with flight crew door:
Door capable of being locked
Shall have means of cabin crew to discreetly notify flight crew
of suspicious activity or security breaches.

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13.2 Security of Flight Crew Compartment

Aeroplanes with takeoff mass of +45,500 kg or
seating greater than 60 shall:
Equipped with flight crew compartment door designed to:
Resist penetration of small arms fire
Grenade shrapnel
Resist forcible intrusions
Door capable of being locked/unlocked from pilot station.

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13.4 Training Programs

Operator will have program to train crew members on
situations involving unlawful interference
Determination of serious occurrence
Crew communication and coordination
Self defense responses
Use of non-lethal devices, state approval
Live situational training exercises on threats
Flight deck procedures to protect aeroplane
Guidelines on Least Risk Bomb Locations.
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