Judging the

Validity of the Rachelle Q. Tronco

Evidence from
a Text
 Kinds of Evidence in an Argument

1. Direct Evidence- any piece of evidence

that stands alone to prove an argument.
Example: If a witness says he saw the
accused set fire to a building.

Presentation title 20XX 2

 Kinds of Evidence in an Argument

2. Indirect/Circumstantial Evidence – a set of

facts that, when taken together, lead to the
desired conclusion.
Example: If he saw the accused sneakily leaving
the building just before the fire broke out.

Presentation title 20XX 3

 Where can we get these pieces of evidence?

Yes, when we use evidence in your argument, be

sure it comes from a reliable source. Possible
sources of evidence are newspapers, magazines,
official documents, historical papers, or statements
made by trustworthy public officials or private
persons.
Presentation title 20XX 4
 Where can we get these pieces of evidence?

But when you cite a person’s statement as

evidence, be sure that the source is capable
of giving the evidence, that he/she has a
reputation for honesty and accuracy, and
that he/she does not have pre-judgment.
Presentation title 20XX 5
Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

P – Passage/Paragraph/Page
R – Reference
O – Offer support
V – View of Author
E – Eye can see it
I – Inference
T – Text Feature

Presentation title 20XX 6

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

PASSAGE – the evidence must be found

somewhere in the passage
(It could be in just one paragraph, several places
throughout the passage, sometimes the best
supporting piece of evidence comes later in the
text.)
Presentation title 20XX 7
Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

REFERENCE – the specific location of the

text
(It says in paragraph ___ on page ____,
that....)

Presentation title 20XX 8

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

OFFER SUPPORT – the connection

between the question and the evidence
(I know because.../The reason I think ____
is because _______.)

Presentation title 20XX 9

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

VIEW OF AUTHOR – provides the

author’s perspective on the topic
(The author stated that.../.”For instance, the
author says...”)

Presentation title 20XX 10

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

EYES CAN SEE IT – something that is

seen physically in the text
(In the text, it explicitly states.../ The text
said....)

Presentation title 20XX 11

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

INFERENCE – be a reading detective; use

clues from the text to figure
something not stated in the text
(I can infer from ______ that _______.)

Presentation title 20XX 12

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

TEXT FEATURES – help the reader

understand the text. Watch out for the
titles, headings, charts, tables, graphs,
illustrations, etc.

Presentation title 20XX 13

Remember to do these things on how to find text evidence.
You need to PROVE IT.

TEXT FEATURES – help the reader understand the

text. Watch out for the
titles, headings, charts, tables, graphs, illustrations,
etc.
(The illustration shows.../The graph showed.../Based
on the section.../According to the title...)
Presentation title 20XX 14
Other ways you can validate the reliability and trustworthiness of a text is
the C.R.A.A.P. method, which stands for:

⮚ CURRENCY is the timeliness of the information

⮚ RELEVANCE is the importance of the information for
your needs.
⮚ AUTHORITY is the source of information.
⮚ ACCURACY is the reliability, truthfulness, and
correctness of information
⮚ PURPOSE is the reason the information exists

Presentation title 20XX 15

Guided Practice

1. How can you tell if something or

someone tells you a fact or fiction?

Presentation title 20XX 16

Guided Practice

2. What primary sources might be

credible?

Presentation title 20XX 17

Guided Practice

3. Are newspapers and television news

always valid?

Presentation title 20XX 18

Guided Practice

4. Is the internet always a good source

of factual information? Why or Why
not?

Presentation title 20XX 19

 Rachelle
Q.
Tronco

Thank you
Presentation title 20XX 20
Recognizing Faulty
Logic,
Unsupported Facts, Rachelle Q. Tronco

and Emotional
Appeal
Presentation title 20XX 22
 What is the message of the product?
Why did the product use the
characters in their commercial?

Presentation title 20XX 23

 Learn how recognize faulty logic,
unsupported facts and ideas that
appeal to emotion.

Presentation title 20XX 24

 Faulty means having faults or
imperfect and logic means reason or
sound judgment. Therefore, faulty
logic is an imperfect reason.
Presentation title 20XX 25
 6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
1. Circular reasoning - The writer (or speaker or ad) supports a claim with
restatements of that same claim. The argument goes around and around with
the reason making the same claim as the original argument.
The strategy to detect this, is by checking if there are statements that the
ending will be almost the same or, at least, very similar to the beginning.
Example:
• Nica is a great communicator because she delivers her speech well.

Presentation title 20XX 26

 6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
2. Overgeneralization - The writer reaches conclusions
from a limited number of facts.
The strategy here is look for context clues like all,
every, always, never.
Example:
• All flight attendants are tall. Nica is a flight attendant,
therefore, she is tall.
Presentation title 20XX 27
 6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
3. Self-Contradiction - The writer states a position that contradicts an
earlier stated premise.
Strategy to detect, look for statement that the beginning and ending will
be opposites—they will contradict each other.
Example:
• I am a hardworking student. I will do my homework after watching
Netflix.
Doing the homework after watching Netflix is contradicting the fact that
the student is hardworking.
Presentation title 20XX 28
 6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
4. False Causality - This occurs when two events happen at
the same time, and an assumption is made that one event
causes the other.
Strategy, look for a cause and effect relationship; the cause
will be FALSE.
Example:
• I am singing aloud, and it rains hard.
There is no connection between the singing and the rain.
Presentation title 20XX 29
 6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
5. Over-Simplification - This occurs when a single cause is assumed to have
created a problem or an issue. In reality, the problem or issue may have been
created by a number of causes.
Strategy, look for the cause mentioned in the statement. If many causes have
been cut down to ONE CAUSE , it contained over simplification.
Example:
• Typhoon Ondoy brought flood in the metro. The flood was caused by heavy
rains.
Remember that there are many factors and reasons of floods not only the heavy
rains.
Presentation title 20XX 30
 6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
6. Assumptions - This occurs when the writer may be proven false or
may be merely stating an opinion.
In detecting the assumptions, the strategy is to ask yourself with these
questions: Does this statement involve a stereotype? Is this statement
just an opinion? Can this statement be proven false? If the answer is
yes to any of these questions, then the faulty logic is probably an
assumption.
Example:
• Planting helps boost immune system.
Presentation title 20XX 31
 Aside from faulty logic a statement or a
certain article may also contain facts that
support the details given by the writer or
speaker. However we can’t avoid to
encounter facts which are unsupported. What
do we mean by unsupported fact?
Presentation title 20XX 32
 Unsupported facts
are those claim that don’t have an adequate evidence
to prove it. There should be enough evidence to
prove your claim. It can come from
different resources and not just from the opinion of
others. Therefore, if your claim doesn't have a
concrete evidence, it is considered as unsupported
fact.
Presentation title 20XX 33
 Unsupported facts

Examples:
• I am beautiful.
• Oslob is the most amazing place in Cebu.

Presentation title 20XX 34

 Emotional appeal
is a logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win
an argument by trying to get an emotional reaction
from the opponent and audience. In an emotional
appeal, persuasive language is used to develop the
foundation of an appeal to emotion-based arguments
instead of facts. Producing an emotional appeal
requires an understanding of your audience and what
may strike their emotions the most.
Presentation title 20XX 35
 Emotional appeal

Examples:
• Rabbits are being tested for a newly formed
beauty product.
• Malnourished children were used on a
television commercial about milk
supplement.
Presentation title 20XX 36
 Guided Practice

1. According to my classmate, durian is the

best fruit.
2. Based on your height, you are already 18
years old.
3. Alexandra was caught sleeping in class
because she was a working student.
Presentation title 20XX 37
 Guided Practice

4. The protective barrier in motorcycles will

cause multiple accidents.
5. A stray dog was hit by a car because the
driver had an emergency.

Presentation title 20XX 38

 Activity 1

Choose the letter of the correct answer. If

your answer is faulty logic, identify its
type and write it on the provided space.

Presentation title 20XX 39

 Activity 1

1. Camille is the class valedictorian. She will

surely have a successful life.
A. Faulty logic ____________________
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
Presentation title 20XX 40
 Activity 1

2. I failed in my exam because my aunt

passed away and I couldn’t focus on
reviewing my lessons.
A. Faulty logic____________________
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
Presentation title 20XX 41
 Activity 1

3. Coby is hunk, he is handsome and loved

by many.
A. Faulty logic ____________________
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
Presentation title 20XX 42
 Activity 1

4. Axel forgot his wallet at home because he needed

to go to the hospital immediately for his wife.
A. Faulty logic ____________________
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
Presentation title 20XX 43
 Activity 1

5. The first day of class is awesome, it will be

an exciting school year!
A. Faulty logic ____________________
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
Presentation title 20XX 44
 Activity 2

Identify the faulty logic, unsupported fact,

and emotional appeal in the given
paragraph. On the table below, place the lines
on the corresponding column.

Presentation title 20XX 45

 Activity 2
Since we are under quarantine nowadays, many of us divert our
attention to the things that will take away our boredom. One of these is
by collecting and planting different plants especially cactus. Some are
called “plantitos” and “plantitas”. They say planting helps boost their
immune system. All of us will be happy if we buy plants. Many loss
their job because of this pandemic. To relieve stress, some deviate their
attention in gardening. Planting gives them pleasure and eases some of
their burden. That is why there is a high demand in plants these days.
Some want to be happy that's why they buy plants first than anything
else. Let us find ways on how to be happy even this time of pandemic!
Presentation title 20XX 46
 Activity 2
Faulty Logic Unsupported Emotional
Facts Appeal

Presentation title 20XX 47

 Rachelle
Q.
Tronco

Thank you
Presentation title 20XX 48