Insert the sub title of your presentation 20xx. 00.

00
BSMT – 1A
Charlene M. Magsino
Type 2 Diabetes
General Data
Lily, 50 years old, female, bank manager, married, Roman Catholic,
born in San Pedro Laguna, presently residing in Quezon City. Second
time admitted at FUMC.
Chief Complaint

Blurred vision
History of present
Illness:
Two months prior to admission, the patient experienced
blurred vision that rapidly worsened over the past two weeks.
Blurred vision is constant and precipitates with fatigue. 1
week prior to admission, the patient reports feeling unusually
thirsty and weak, accompanied by dizziness and frequent
urination. Persistence of the mentioned symptoms prompted
a consult.
Past Medical
History:
The patient was diagnosed with controlled type 2 diabetes two years ago. The pa-
tient denies trauma and surgery affecting the eyes and their surrounding areas,
except when she had given birth to his third and youngest, now 10-year-old
daughter. The patient had her first admission at FUMC two years ago, and her
last eye examination was one year ago. Mammograms and pap smears were neg-
ative. The patient has a maintenance medication of amlodipine and no reported
allergies to food or medication.
The patient has a family history of dia-
betes and hypertension. Father has a
history of diabetes and hypertension
Family History
and died of kidney failure at age 69.
Mother died of a heart attack at age 71.
The patient denies any family history
of asthma.
 Personal and Social History:
The patient has been married for 25 years and has three children: one 25-year-old male working as a
licensed high school teacher, one 20-year-old male graduating BSN student, and one 10-year-old fe-
male who is an elementary student. The patient works as a bank manager, while her husband is an el-
ementary teacher.

The patient lives in a 2-story house with 4 rooms and has a total of 5 occupants, including her
husband and 3 children. The patient denies the habit of smoking and drinking alcoholic
beverages. The patient reports having three meals a day and a snack in the morning and
afternoon with soft drinks. The patient loves to eat cakes and chocolates as well as coffee. She
loves to bake pastries in her leisure time and does not have an interest in outdoor activities
during holidays or vacant time.
 Review of Systems

GENERAL: (+) Weight loss (+) Fatigue (-) Weight gain (-) Fever (-) Chills

HEAD AND NECK: (-) Lesions (-) Pruritis (+) Headache (+) Blurring vision (-) Cold (-) Otalgia (-)
Tinnitus (-) Sore throat

RESPIRATORY: (-) Hemoptysis (-) Back pain

CARDIOVASCULAR: (-) Claudication (+) Lightheadedness

ENDOCRINE: Polyphagia (+) Polyuria (+) Polydipsia

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC: (-) Tingling sensation (-) Numbness (-) Pains

(+) Weakness (-) Hallucination

MUSCULOSKELETAL: (-) Myalgia (-) Joint Pain (+) Back pain

 Physical Examination
Patient is awake, alert, conscious, and oriented to time, place, and person; well
groomed; makes eye contact; speech clear and appropriate; feeding self without
difficulty.
Vital Signs: Salient Features:

• Blood pressure: HBP (HYPERTENSION) • 50 years old, Female

Stage 2 135/90 mmHg • Overweight (BMI 25.6 kg/m2)
• Respiratory Rate: 16 cpm • Elevated Blood Press (135/90 mmHg)
• Heart rate: 85 bpm • Family History of Hypertension (paternal)
• Temperature: 36.4 ◦C and Diabetes (paternal)
• BMI: 25.6 kg/m2 - Overweight • Blurred vision is persistent necessitated a
Weight 43.2 kg consultation.
Height 130 m2
Pathophysiology
• The most prevalent kind of diabetes is type 2. Type 2 diabetes is multifactorial, with ge-
netic and environmental factors influencing beta-cell function and tissue insulin sensitiv-
ity (muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas).

• In type 2 diabetes, the cells either do not respond to the insulin or the body does not create
enough of it.
• Peripheral insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta cells are
two traits that define type 2 diabetes. Reduced glucose transport into muscle cells, increased
hepatic glucose synthesis, and accelerated fat breakdown are all caused by insulin resis-
tance, which has been linked to higher plasma levels of free fatty acids and proinflamma-
tory cytokines.

• In adults, diabetes is the most common factor in kidney failure, non-traumatic lower limb
amputations, and new instances of blindness.
 The epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes:
The increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes is currently one of the most pressing issues in healthcare. The global epidemiology
of type 2 diabetes was the focus of this study. We investigated the incidence, prevalence, and burden of suffering associated
with diabetes mellitus using epidemiological data from the Institute of Health Metrics, Seattle's current Global Burden of Dis-
ease (GBD) dataset. From 1990 to 2017, trends in type 2 diabetes were compiled for all ages worldwide and regionally. Esti-
mates of the forecast were obtained using the SPSS Time Series Modeler. In 2017, type 2 diabetes afflicted 462 million people
worldwide, or 6059 cases per 100,000 people, or 6.28 percent of the population (4.4% of people aged 15 to 49, 15% of people
aged 50 to 69, and 22% of people aged 70 and older). Diabetes kills over a million people each year and ranks ninth on the
death toll list. Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rising, with a much faster rate in developed regions like West-
ern Europe. Gender is equally represented, and the incidence reaches its highest point around 55 years old.
 The epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes:

By 2030, it is guessed that there will be 7079 new instances of type 2 diabetes for every 100,000
individuals around the world, mirroring a continuous ascent in cases all through the globe. There
are alarming patterns of rising prevalence in countries with lower incomes. Clinical and public
health preventative measures are required right away. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes
increases with age. Projections show that by 2030, the predominance will have essentially
expanded, which is a reason to worry on a worldwide scale. This rise is anticipated to occur in all
regions of the world, including low-income nations, where the trend is particularly troubling. To
resolve this issue and reduce the impacts it has on individuals and networks, prompt clinical and
general wellbeing preventive measures are required. Advancing solid propensities, extending
admittance to medical care choices, and subsidizing diabetes mindfulness and examination are a
couple of instances of such activities.
 Prognosis of the disease Type 2
Diabetes

A person with type 2 diabetes's prognosis will vary depending on several factors, including
their lifestyle. Somebody who rolls out sure improvements to their weight, glucose,
cholesterol, and circulatory strain might hope to have a more drawn out future than other
people who don't roll out those improvements.
 Possible laboratory workups/
tests for the patient.

➢ Random blood sugar test

➢ Fasting blood sugar test
 Oral glucose tolerance test
 Screening
In addition to a healthy diet and regular exercise, there are other treatments
that can help manage and even cure Type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery is a
promising treatment option because it has been shown to significantly im-
prove blood sugar control in many patients. An additional option is to make
use of natural supplements like cinnamon, which have been shown to in-
crease insulin The medical
management/
sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels. Moreover, a few investigations treatment for
have shown that standard green tea utilization could likewise further de- the patient.
velop glucose guideline. It is essential to keep in mind that, even though
these treatments may be effective for some individuals, they should always
be used under the supervision of a doctor in conjunction with a healthy
lifestyle. With the right diet, exercise, medication, and other treatments,
type 2 diabetes can be managed and even
eradicated.
 • Biguanide: Improves sensitivity of the body tissues to insulin.
• Sulphonylureas: Helps the body produce more insulin
• Alpha glucosidase inhibitor: Delay the absorption of carbohydrates.
• Thiazolidinediones: Increases sensitivity to insulin. Since this is associated
with many
➢ Medications side effects, it is prescribed only if it is necessary.
• DPP-4 inhibitors: Helps reduce blood sugar levels, without much of side ef-
fects.
• SGLT2 inhibitors: Prevent kidneys from absorbing excess glucose. Excess
sugar is
excreted in urine. This might include side effects of repeated urinary infections,
increased
urination.
• Insulin injection: This helps manage the sugar level efficiently, usually, pre-
scribed for
long standing or very high sugar levels. There are many types of Insulin.
 Prevention of the disease:
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with tested, attainable life-
style changes, such as losing a little weight and increasing your physical
activity, even if you are at a high risk. The severe condition of type 2 di-
abetes affects millions of people worldwide. Luckily, it very well may
be forestalled or postponed by making specific way of life changes. One
of the best ways to lower your risk is to lose weight.

Even a modest amount of weight loss can have a significant impact on your overall health and
well-being. Additionally, getting more exercise can help lower your risk of developing type 2
diabetes. Tracking down ways of remembering greater development for your day to day daily
schedule as opposed to attempting to expedite become a long-distance runner. Whether you try
a new exercise class or go for a quick walk during your lunch break, every little bit helps. By
making these manageable changes to your lifestyle, you can take control of your health and
lower your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Thanks !