AB

Electrification
and Control
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY
LECTURE 1
 Introduction to Electricity
Electricity
 a form of energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change; having
magnetic, chemical and radiant effect
 electrons in motion
 accidentally discovered by the ancient greeks in 600 B.C.
 William Gilbert, english physicist – The Electric Attraction and The Electric
Force
 a property of the basic particle of matter
 Introduction to Electricity
Ions
 an atom or molecule which is not electrically balanced and is electrically charged

Volt or Voltage
 the electrical pressure that cause the electrons to move through a conductor
 Electromotive force

Ampere
 named after Andre M. Ampere
 standard unit for measuring the strength of an electric current
 the amount of current flow sent by one volt through a resistance of one ohm

Watt
 rate or measure of power used or consumed
 Represents how much is the equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by the light or
appliance

Resistance
 the opposition or friction to the flow of current
 In AC it is impedance
Factors that Influence Conductor Resistance

Composition of the Conductor- refers to a conductor having free

electrons that has low resistance
Length of wire- the longer the wire, the higher the resistance.
Cross Sectional Area of Wire- The bigger the cross sectional area of the
wire, the lower its resistance.
Temperature- metals offer high resistance to high temperature (heat).
 Introduction to Electricity
Electric Current
 the flow or rate of flow of electric force in a conductor
 a current will only flow if a circuit is formed comprising a complete loop and
contains all the required components such as:
 source of voltage
 closed loop of wiring
 electric load
 means of opening and closing the circuit
 Introduction to Electricity
Classifications of Electric Current
1. Direct Circuit electricity (DC)
 Flows only in one direction
 Common source is from dry cell or storage battery
2. Alternating Current electricity (AC)
 Constantly reverses its direction to flow
 Generated by machines called AC generators
Advantages:
 Easily produced
 Cheaper to maintain
 Could be transformed into higher voltage
 More efficient compared with DC
 Introduction to Electricity
Alternating Current or Voltage
 a voltage or current that changed in strength according to sine curve
 goes through one positive loop and one negative loop to form one complete
cycle which is continuously repeated

 frequency – number of times the cycle is repeated per second (hertz, hz)
 Introduction to Electricity
RESISTANCE

In a hydraulic system, the flow of fluid is impeded or

resisted by friction between the wall of the pipe, fittings and
other turns and offsets. In the same manner, the flow of
current in a circuit (electrical Wiring installation) is also
impeded or resisted by the wire, transformer and other
devices. This is called impedance, the electrical term for
Friction in AC electricity.
In a direct current DC circuit, this Impedance is called
resistance. However, both are expressed in the unit. of
measure called Ohms.
 Introduction to Electricity
In Electrical circuits:
1. The higher the voltage, the larger the current
2. The higher the resistance, the lower the current
Expressed by Ohm’s Law:
I = V/R or V=IR
Where:
I = current
V = voltage
R = resistance for DC

For AC, V=IZ or IV/Z

Where Z-impedance
 Introduction to Electricity
Under the principles of DC
Watts = Volts x Amperes

Under the principles of AC

Volt-amperes = Volts x ampere, va

To converts volt-ampere to watts or power, a power factor (pf) is introduced

Watts = Volts x amperes x power factor

W = VI x pf
 EXAMPLE
A 12 amperes electric fan and blower with a power factor of 0.85 was
connected to a 240 volts convenient outlet (c.o). Calculate the current
and power in the circuit.
Solution
P=VIpf
=(240V)(12A)(0.85)
=2,448 W
EXAMPLE
An electric motor has a trade mark label of 2 horsepower, 240 volts,
and15 amperes. Calculate the motor power factor. Assume efficiency of
85%.
Solution
2hp=1,492 W
Eff=Output/Input
0.85=1492/Input
Input= 1,755 W
How about if AC?
Note that for AC, P=Vipf
So,
pf=(1755W)/(240Vx15A)
=0.4875
Thus,

V.A=(240Vx15A)
=3,600 v.a