Chandil Polytechnic

Chandil
NAME – Ayush Kashyav
ROLL NO. – 03
BRANCH – EEE
SUBJECT – PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
REGISTRATION NO. – 17407070003
 DC MACHINE

DC Generator

 A DC Generator is an electrical machine which

converts mechanical energy into direct current
electricity.
 This energy conversion is based on the principle
of production of dynamically induced emf.
Construction of DC Machine:-
• A DC generator can be used as a DC motor
without any constructional changes and vice – versa.
•Thus a DC generator or DC motor can be broadly termed as
DC machine.
• A DC Machine consists of two basic parts- STATOR and
ROTOR.
Basic Constructional Parts Of DC Machine:-

1. Yoke – The outer frame of a DC Machine is called yoke. It is made up

of cast iron or steel.
2. Poles & Pole Shoes – Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of
bolts or welding. Pole shoes serve two purpose:
* They support field coils.
* Spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
3. Field Winding – They are usually made of copper. They are wound in
such a way that when energized, they form alternate North and South
Poles.
4. Armature Core – Armature core is the rotor of a DC Machine. It may
be provided with the air ducts for the axial air flow for cooling
purposes.
5. Armature Winding – It is usually a former wound copper coil which
rests in armature slots.
6. Commutator & Brushes – The function of commutator in a dc
generator is to collect the current generated in armature conductors.
Whereas in dc motor, commutator helps in providing current to the
armature conductors.
Working Principle Of A DC Generator

 According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,

whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an
emf gets induced in the conductor.
 In a DC Generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic
field and the armature conductors are rotated into the field.
 The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s
Right Hand Rule.
Types Of DC Generator
DC Generator can be classified into two main categories:
i. Separately Excited – In this type, field coils are energized from an
independent external DC source.
ii. Self Excited – In this type, field coils are energized from the current
produced by the generator itself.
 DC MOTOR
DC Motor is an electromagnetic device which
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

DC power input is converted is converted into

mechanical power at the shaft motor.
Construction of DC Machine

• A DC Machine consists of two main

components: Stator & Rotor.

•Stator is the stationary part whereas

Rotor is the rotating part.
Stator Components are:-
1) Yoke – Yoke is the magnetic core of stator. It provides path for
the pole flux and carries half of it.
2) Field Poles – Field pole consists of pole core and pole shoe.
The pole core is made from the cast steel.
3) Field Winding or Exciting Winding – The pole is excited by
the winding wound around the pole core.
4) Interpoles – Interpoles are fixed to the yoke in between the
main poles of DC Machine. This winding is connected in
series with the armature winding.
5) Compensating Winding – This windings are placed in the
slots cut in the pole faces of DC Machine.
6) Brushes – Brushes are housed in the brush holder and are
connected to the end cover.
Rotor Components Of DC Machine:-
1) Armature Core – It is a magnetic core made of laminated
silicon steel of thickness 0.30 to 0.50mm to minimize the
iron loses.
2) Armature Winding – It is made from copper. It consists of
large number of insulated coils having one or more than one
turns.
3) Commutator – It is a cylindrical structure made of wedge
shaped segments of high conductivity hard drawn copper.
4) Shaft – Shaft of DC Motor is coupled to the load to transfer
mechanical power.
A DC Motor is any of a class of rotatory electrical machine
that converts direct current electric energy into mechanical
energy.
A DC Motor speed can be controlled over a wide range,
using either a variable voltage or by changing the strength of
current in field winding.
At high power levels, DC Motors are almost always cooled
using forced air.
If external power is applied to a DC Motor it acts as a DC
Generator, Dynamo.
Brushed DC Electric Motor

• The brushed DC Electric motors generate torque directly

from DC Power supplied to the motor by using internal
commutation, stationary magnets and rotating
electromagnets.

•Advantages of brushed dc motor include low initial cost,

high reliability and simple control of motor speed.

•Disadvantages are low lifespan for high intensity uses.

Permanent Magnet Electric Motor
A PM motor does not have a field on the stator frame,
instead replying on PM,s to provide the magnet field
against which the rotor field interact to produce torque.

There are three types of electrical connections between

the stator and rotor possible for dc electric motors:- Series,
Shunt/Parallel and Compound and each has unique
speed/torque characteristics appropriate for different
loading torque profiles.
Series connection:-
•A series dc motor connects armature and
field winding in series with a common dc
power source.
•A series motor should never be started at no
load.
•Series motor called universal motors can be
used on alternating currents.
Shunt connection:-
•A shunt dc motor connects the armature and
field windings in parallel or shunt with a
common dc power source.
•It is typically used for industrial, adjustable
speed application, such as machine tools,
winding machines and transformers.
Compound Connection:-
•A compound DC motor connects the armature and field
windings in a shunt and a series combination to give it
characteristics both a shunt and a series DC motor.

•Differential compound DC motor have good speed and are

typically operated at constant speed.
 Speed Control Methods of A DC
Motor
Speed of a dc motor can be varied by varying flux,
armature resistance or applied voltage.

Speed Control Of Shunt Motor

•Flux control method.

•Armature and rheostatic control method.
•Voltage control method.
Speed Control Of DC Motor(Shunt, Series &
Compound)
The international change of drive speed is known as speed control of DC
Motor.
Speed control of DC motor is either done manually by the operator or by
means of an automatic control device.
 The speed of a DC Motor(N) is equal to:-

Hence the speed can be varied by changing:

1) The terminal voltage of the armature, V.
2) The external resistance in armature circuit, Ra.
3) The flux per pole, φ.
Speed Control Of DC Series Motor
Speed control methods of DC series motor can be classified as:
1. Armature control method.
2. Field control method.

Armature Control Of DC Series Motor

Speed adjustment of a DC series motor by armature control may be done

by:
i. Armature resistance control method.
ii. Shunted armature control method.
iii. Armature terminal voltage control.
Speed Control Of DC Shunt Motor
Two methods of speed control of DC Shunt motor are:-
i. Armature control method
ii. Field control method.

Armature Control DC Shunt Motor

Armature control DC Shunt motor can be performed in two ways:-
iii. Armature resistance control
iv. Armature voltage control.
Advantages Of Armature Control DC Shunt Motor
I. Uniform acceleration is obtained.
II. Good speed regulation.
III.It has regenerative braking capacity.

Disadvantages Of Armature Control DC Shunt

Motor
I. Costly arrangement is needed.
II. Low efficiency at light loads.
III.Drive produced more noise.