Transmission Lines (TLs)

By

Dr. Sadiq Ullah

Telecom engineering department

UET Peshawar (Mardan campus)
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What is a Transmission Line?

Transmitenergy from one point to another

(source load). i.e. Connections b/w:

◦ Transmitter and Antenna

◦ Computer networks
◦ Cable provider and TV receivers, etc.
◦ Devices on PCBs @ high frequencies
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Wave Phenomenon on TLs
Large distance b/w Source (S) &
Destination (D) Delay-induced phase
delay

If the distance between system components

( S & D) is of the order of wavelength or
more then we deal with wave phenomenon
like that in free space & dielectrics.

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TLs....
Lumped elements: If the time delay by a wave in traversing
the elements is negligible then they are called lumped elements,
such as:
 Resistor (R) Ω
 Capacitor (C) F
 Inductor (L) H

 Distributed Elements: Those elements or interconnects (such

as TLs) which are large enough (of the order of wavelength or
more), their (R, L, C) characteristics are evaluated on per-unit
length basis, are called distributed elements.

 Field distributions for both uniform TLs and Plane waves  TEM (Transverse
ElectroMagnetic)

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Types of TLs

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Types of TLs

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 TL: Role of wavelength
Fundamentally, a transmission line is a two-port network, with each port consisting
of two terminals.

Consider a, generator connected to an RC circuit through a transmission line of

length I.

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TL
Does the parallel-wire section between
terminals AA’ and BB’ is a Transmission
Line?

Yes, Depending on the length (l) and

frequency of the signals (f) provided by
the generator.

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TL

Travel delay time

Where,

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TL

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TL: Mode Classification

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 TL: Lumped Element Model

 The model consists of four basic elements, with values

called the transmission line parameters. These are:
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 TL: Lumped Element Model

The prime superscript is used as a reminder that the line parameters are
differential quantities whose units are per unit length.

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TL: Lumped Element Model

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 TL: Lumped Element Model

If the insulating medium between the conductors is air, the transmission line is called
an air line (e.g., coaxial air line or two-wire air line).
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Transmission Line Equation

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 Transmission Line Equation
Node : N Node : N+1

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Transmission Line Equation

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Transmission Line Equation

(1)

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 Transmission Line Equation
Derivation of Wave equation for Transmission Line (Guided Media):

Taking derivative of both sides of (1) w. r. t z:

(2)

I.e. Substitute it from (1) into (2)

(3)

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Transmission Line Equation: Wave equation

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Transmission Line Equation: Wave equation

(4)

(5)

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Transmission Line Equation: Wave equation

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Transmission Line Equation: Wave equation

(7)

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Transmission Line Equation: Wave
equation

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Transmission Line Equation: Wave
equation

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 Transmission Line Equation: Wave
equation

(8)
(7) 

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Case I: Lossless Transmission Line

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Case I: Lossless Transmission Line

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Case I: Lossless Transmission Line

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 Case II: Distortionless Transmission Line
Ideal (Lossless Transmission Line): Velocity of Propagation ≠ func (frequency)
Non- Ideal (Lossy Transmission Line): Velocity of prop.= func (freq) Dispersion

(Distortionless Line): Velocity of prop≈ Nearly Constant & Phase constant Linear,
Dispersion is negligible (if the length is not too long)

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Case II: Distortionless Transmission Line

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Case II: Distortionless Transmission Line

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