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Unit2 Introduction Process Design
Unit2 Introduction Process Design
Process Design
Design:
“To design” refers to the process of originating
and developing a plan for a product, service
or process.
Process:
Is any part of an organization which takes a set
of input resources which are then used to
transform something into outputs of products
or services.
Process Design
Process design
Processes that Processes that
Design Products Produce Products
and Services and Services
Supply Network Design
Concept Generation
Screening
Layout
and Flow
Preliminary Design
Evaluation and
Improvement
Process Job
Technology Design
Prototyping and final
design
Nature of the design activity:
1) Design is inevitable – products, services and the
processes which produce them all have to be
designed.
2) Product design influences process design –
decisions taken during the design of a product or
service will have an impact on the decisions taken
during the design of the process which produces
those products or services and vice versa.
Product & services design are
interrelated to its process design
Designing the Designing the
Product or Processes that
Service Produce the Product
or Service
Processes should be
Products and services designed so they can
should be designed in create all products
such a way that they and services which
can be created the operation is likely
effectively to introduce
Decisions taken during the design of the product or service will have
an impact on the process that produces them and vice versa
Process Design and Product/Service Design are Interrelated
• To commit to the detailed design of a product or service
consideration must be given to how it is to be
• produced.
Design of process can constrain the design of products and
services.
• The overlap is greater in the service industry:
• Service industry - it is impossible to separate service
design and process design – they are the same thing.
• Manufacturing industry - it is possible to separate
product design and process design but it is beneficial to
consider them together because the design of products
has a major effect on the cost of making them.
Process and product/service design must satisfy customer
• Products/services designer customers satisfaction criteria
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Reliability
• Meets expectation
• Inexpensive
• Quality
• Easy to manufacture and deliver
• Speedy
• Process designer customers satisfaction achieved through:
• Layout
• Location
• Process technology
• Human skills
The design activity is itself a process Finished designs
which are:
100%
Percentage of final
product cost
committed by the
design
Percentage of
design costs
incurred
0%
Start of the Finish of the
design activity design activity
Designing processes
• Process mapping
• Process mapping symbols
• Improving processes
• Process performance
• Throughput, cycle time & work in process
Process mapping
• Used to identify different types of activities.
• Shows the flow of material, people or
information.
• Critical analysis of process maps can improve
the process.
Process mapping symbols
Operation (an activity Beginning or end of process
that directly adds value)
Customer
Request
C
u
s
© Nigel Slack, Stuart Chambers & Robert Johnston, t2004 Operations Management, 4E: Chapter 4
The operation of making and
selling customized sandwiches
Assemble as Take
Prepare required payment
Sandwich Customers
materials and “assembled” to
customers sandwiches
Bread and
Base filling The outline process of making and
selling customized sandwiches
Assemble whole
sandwich
Use standard
“base”?
No
Yes Fillings
Customer The detailed process of
Request assembling customized
Assemble from
sandwiches
standard “base”
Stored
“Bases”
4.16
Assemble whole
sandwich
Fillings
© Nigel Slack, Stuart Chambers & Robert Johnston, 2004 Operations Management, 4E: Chapter 4
Mass (Line) Processes
• Higher volumes than Batch
• Standard, repeat products
• Low and/or narrow skills
• No set-ups, or almost instantaneous ones
• Cell or product layout
Mass Process
Continuous Process
• Extremely high volumes and low variety: often
single product
• Standard, repeat products
• Highly capital-intensive and automated
• Few changeovers required
• Difficult and expensive to start and stop the
process
• Product layout: usually flow along conveyors
or pipes
Continuous Process
Manufacturing process Service process
types types
High
High
Project
Professional
service
Jobbing
Service shop
Variety
Variety
Batch
Mass
uous