NETA PowerPoint® Slides

to accompany

Prepared by
Tami Bereska
MacEwan University

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 Chapter 8

Race and Ethnicity:

Defining Ourselves and Others
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 Overview
A. Ethnicity and race
B. Contemporary ethnic patterns
C. Consequences of ethnicity
D. Relationships between groups
E. Prejudice and racialization

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 (A) Ethnicity and Race
• Ethnicity = cultural characteristics (e.g., language, food,
traditions)
– Objective ethnicity  ethnic origins
– Subjective ethnicity  ethnic identity
• Race = a socially constructed category used to classify
humankind based on physical traits
– Intertwined with power and inequality in the process of racialization

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 Ethnicity and Race (cont’d)
• Visible minorities = persons, other than Aboriginal [i.e.,
Indigenous] persons, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-
white in colour.
• Galabuzi  the concept of “visible minorities” supports
essentialist assumptions about race
– The term racialized groups highlights structures of social inequality

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 (B) Contemporary Ethnic Patterns
• More than 200 ethnic origins in Canada
– 19 percent are members of racialized groups
– 21 percent are foreign-born
– 4 percent have Aboriginal (i.e., Indigenous) identities
• Compare the terms “Aboriginal” and “Indigenous”
• By 2036, more Canadians will be either foreign-born or the first
generation of their families to be born in Canada

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 Goals of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act

Contribute to
Reunite Families Canada’s Economic Protect Refugees
Development

• Differences
• Family-class • Economic class between
immigrants immigrants immigrants and
refugees

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(C) Consequences of Ethnicity

Familial Economic

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 Family Experiences
• Family structure  nuclear versus extended households
• Family interdependence
– Household work
– Co-residence with parents
• Intergenerational relationships
– Parenting practices
– Bicultural youth

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 Economic Experiences
• On average, Indigenous persons have lower incomes than non-
Indigenous persons
• Primarily the result of differences in level of education
– With a university education, differences in income virtually disappear

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 Economic Experiences (cont’d)
• On average, immigrants to Canada have lower incomes than
Canadian-born persons
– This gap has increased over time
• This is despite the fact that the immigrant population is more
educated than the Canadian-born population

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Why the Disadvantage for the Immigrant Population?

• Degree of proficiency in English or French?

• Real or perceived differences in education credentials?
• Cultural differences?
• Preference for Canadian work experience?
• Discrimination?

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Relationships Between Dominant Groups and Minority
Groups

Assimilation Pluralism

Population
Segregation Transfer

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 Assimilation
Assimilation
Voluntary (e.g., immigration)

Involuntary (e.g., colonization)

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 Alexskopie/.comShutterstoc
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Voluntary Assimilation

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Involuntary Assimilation
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 Pluralism
• Cultural differences are celebrated and maintained
– e.g., Switzerland
• Canada  multiculturalism
– As a principle, supported by most Canadians
– As policy  Multiculturalism Act

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 Segregation
• Separates minority groups from the dominant group
– e.g., black Canadians prior to the Civil Rights movement in the mid-
20th century
– e.g., anti-miscegenation laws

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 Population Transfer
• Expels a minority group from a country or limits its location
– Acadians
– Indigenous reserve system
– First World War  Ukrainian-Canadian internment camps
– Second World War  Japanese internment camps

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 (E) Prejudice and Racialization
Cognitive Affective Behavioural
Component Component Component
•What
•How •How
we
think
we feel we act

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Individual Discrimination

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 Institutional and Systemic Discrimination
• May be intentional or unintentional
• Can occur at the level of government
– e.g., involuntary assimilation, segregation, population transfer
– e.g., Chinese head tax and Exclusion Act

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Theories of Prejudice and Racialization
Social Interactionist
Psychological
Theories
Theories

Critical Race
Conflict Theories Theory

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 Social Psychological Theories
• Some people have authoritarian personalities, which are
associated with higher levels of prejudice
• When frustrated, we direct attention at scapegoats
– e.g., someone may blame their own unemployment on immigration
• Competition over scarce resources creates prejudice
– e.g., during economic recessions, large-scale anti-immigrant
sentiment increases

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 Interactionist Theories
• Significant others, the generalized other, and the looking-glass
self contribute to our understandings of ethnicity and group
relationships
• Framing of ethnicity in media

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 Conflict Theories
• Groups in power have a vested interest in maintaining
prejudice
– If powerless groups are fighting amongst themselves, they will not
join together to fight against the larger structure of power in society
• Dual/split labour market theory

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 Critical Race Theory
• Racialization is not limited to the prejudice of some individuals
• Racialization permeates economic, cultural, ideological,
political, and psychological fears

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 Summary
 Ethnicity, race, racialization, and visible minority are related
concepts
 Ethnic patterns are affected by immigration
 Ethnicity affects family and economic experiences
 Relationships exist between dominant and minority groups
 Prejudice has cognitive, affective, and behavioural
components
 There are several explanations of prejudice and racialization
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