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Module 1-5-Vitamins Minerals Water
Module 1-5-Vitamins Minerals Water
Module 1-5-Vitamins Minerals Water
Minerals,
and Water
© 2013 Cengage
Presentation Overview
• Vitamins: Chemistry, functions & categories
• Minerals: Chemistry, functions & categories
• Water: Functions, intake & excretion
The Vitamins
• Some vitamins are essential.
• Without an intake of, nutritional
deficiencies occur.
• Vitamins are organic
compounds.
• They contain the
element carbon.
• All vitamins are non-
caloric.
The Vitamins
• All vitamins are needed in tiny
amounts for cell metabolism
Examples:
The vitamin folate is a cofactor for the enzyme homocysteine transmethylase.
The mineral selenium is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.
Categories of Vitamins
Fat vs Water Soluble
Major Minerals: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na),
Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Sulfur (S)
Trace Minerals: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se), Chromium (Cr),
Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Fluoride (F), Cobalt (Co).
Functions of Minerals
• The majority of minerals in the human
body play a structural role.
H+ H+ H+ H+ +
H+
O-- H+
+ H
O- - H+ H+ O- - H --
H+
H+
O- -
O- -
H+
O
O- -
K+
H+
O-- H+
H+ H+
--
H+ H+
H O
H+ O
O- -
+
Na+
O- -
-
-- H
H O-
+
H
+
H +
-
+
H + Cl
O- -
O- - +
H+
O-- H+
H+ H H+
H+
H+
+ O --
O--
H+
H+
H+
O-- H+
H+ H+
O- H+
O--H
+ H+
O--
O--
H+
H+
H+
H+
O--H
+
O- -
H+
H+
pH Scale
Basic 14 Lye
13
Some 12 8
Death
maintain
Pancreatic Juice
8
Blood
Neutral 7 Water
7.45 Normal
acid-base 6 Urine 7.35
5
balance 4
Coffee
Orange Juice
Acidosis
3 Vinegar
2 Lemon Juice 7 Death
Stomach Acid
1
Acidic 0 Battery Acid
The Chemistry of Buffers
The bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system starts
with sodium bicarbonate dissociated in water:
+ -
When acid such as hydrochloric acid is added:
+ -
The sodium & chloride electrically balance each other:
+ -
The Chemistry of Buffers
+ -