1GA14ME118

EVALUATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR
FOR CRACKED AUTOMOBILE DRIVE SHAFT

Presented By
VINAYAK DHAR (1GA14ME118)
DIVYASHREE L (1GA16ME032)
SHARVARI R (1GA16ME092)
Guide
Mr. GURUSHARAN
Place of Work
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Global Academy of Technology
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Global Academy of Technology
Contents
Introduction
Problem Definition
Literature review
Objectives
Methodology
Development of FE Model
Benchmark Study
Case Study
References
09/01/2023 EVALUATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CRACKED AUTOMOBILE DRIVE SHAFT 2
AUTOMOBILE DRIVE SHAFT
• The driveshaft is a component which provides a smooth, uninterrupted flow

of power to the axles that is produced from the engine and transmission
must be transferred to the rear wheels to move the vehicle.
• The drive shaft must operate through constantly changing relative angles
between transmission drive shaft and axle.
A SMOOTH, UNINTERRUPTED FLOW OF

POWER TO THE AXLES. THE TORQUE
AUTOMOBILE DRIVE SHAFT cont….
Driveshaft
DRIVESHAFT FAILURE
Some of the forms of driveshaft failures are
i) circumferential crack
ii) sheared tube
iii) dented tube
iv) broken weld
v) broken weld yoke
vi) damaged end yoke
vii) broken U-joint
viii) broken stud.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The main focus of the present study is to apply the finite

element method in general and ANSYS software in particular to
compute SIFs for circumferentially cracked tubular driveshaft
with axial tension, bending moment and torsional moment
applied and solved as individual cases.
Why Fracture Mechanics?
Modes of Fracture
Introduction
CRACK TIP STRESS FIELD
Membrane stress components:
Bending stress components:

Fig 1: Co-ordinate system at crack tip
Literature Review
1. On the Stress Problem of Large Elliptical Cutouts and Cracks
in Circular Cylindrical Shells, Int. Journal of Solid Structures, 1974, Vol.10, pp 1243-1269.
- M.V.V.Murthy et al developed curvature parameter β
- membrane and bending stress intensity factor are computed and its variation is plotted
for range of β varying from small to large cracks
2. Analytical- numerical procedure for analysis of cylindrical shell with arbitrarily

oriented crack
- H.V. Lakshminarayana et al., developed SIF solutions
- Evaluation of SIF over a wide range of β
3. Stress Intensity Factors for arbitrarily oriented and located cracks in
cylindrical shells with tori-spherical and closures
- Shivashankar R. Srivatsa et al., developed SIF solutions for complex

shell structures
- Special purpose post processing sub program 3MBSIF
Elements used for FE Modeling of Shell Structures
Fig 3: QUAD 8 Fig 4: TRIA 6
Elements Around The Crack Tip
Fig 5: STRIA 6
Special Purpose Sub-Program 3MBSIF
 Computes crack tip Stress Intensity Factors.
 Normalized mode I and mode II membrane & bending SIF

values are output separately.
 Can be used with any of the general purpose FEA

packages.
Membrane Stress Intensity Factor
Bending Stress Intensity Factor
BENCHMARKS
Material properties Geometric details Applied load
Young’s modulus R = 1000mm P =1N (Axial Tension)

‘E’= 2E5 N/mm 2
t = 10mm T = 1 N-mm
Poisson’s ratio ‘γ’ = 0.3 β = 0.2 to 1 M = 1 N-mm
R / t = 100
Geometric Model
Material properties Geometric details Applied load
Young’s modulus R = 45mm P =1N (Axial Tension)

‘E’= 2E5 N/mm2 t = 1.57 mm T = 1 N-mm
Poisson’s ratio ‘γ’ = 0.3 L = 1250 mm M = 1 N-mm
β = 0.2 to 1
R / t = 28.8
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
Elements Around Crack Tip
Number of Singular elements around crack tip: 32

Length of the Singular Element: Δa= a/100
TENSILE BENCHMARK KI(M)
2 KIM plane strain
Normalised Mode I Membrane SIF

1.6
1.2
KIM plane strain
0.8
0.4
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Curvature Parameter, β
Normalized Mode KI(m) (Comparison between target solution and Present Case)
TENSILE BENCHMARK KI(B)
KIB plane strain

0.005
Normalised Mode I Bending SIF

0.004
0.003
KIB plane strain

0.002
0.001
0.000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Curvature Parameter, β
Normalized Mode KI(b) (Comparison between target solution and Present Case)
TORSION BENCHMARK KII(M)
0.03
0.02
Normalised mode II membrane SIF

0.01
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.01
KIIM plane strain
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
Curvature parameter (β)
Case Study
• The driveshaft with circumferential crack for various
crack lengths is presented.
• The crack lengths are obtained by varying the curvature

parameter β
• The curvature parameter is defined as
CASE STUDY 1-TENSILE LOADING
0.1
0.08
Normalised mode II membrane SIF
0.06
KIM plane strain
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CASE STUDY 2-BENDING
Normalised mode II membrane SIF 0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
KIIM plane strain

0.004
0.003
0.002
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
CASE STUDY 3 - TORSION
0.1
Normalised mode I membrane SIF
0.08
0.06
0.04 KIM plane strain
0.02
0 0.6
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normlise modeII membrane SIF

Curvature parameter (β) 0.5
0.4
0.3
KIIM plane strain
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
DISPLACEMENT PLOT FOR TENSILE LOADING
DISPLACEMENT PLOT FOR BENDING LOADING
DISPLACEMENT PLOT FOR TORSIONAL LOADING
COMPARISON OF SIF VALUES
Tensile Bending Torsion Torsion

Curvature Loading Loading Loading Loading
Parameter (KIM) (KIM) (KIM) (KIIM)
0.2 0.0284 0.00457 0.02 0.03
0.4 0.03652 0.00464 0.04 0.04
0.6 0.04326 0.00447 0.05684 0.10873
0.8 0.08991 0.003 0.06759 0.56183
1 0.05835 0.00719 0.07853 0.482
Conclusion
• The graphs obtained from the benchmark values were
compared with the experimental models for different
type of loading.
• As the curves were similar in nature we can rely on the
software for further analysis.
• From the values obtained we can conclude that the
probability of failure is more when the shaft is subject
to Torsion load followed by tensile and bending load.

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EVALUATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR

FOR CRACKED AUTOMOBILE DRIVE SHAFT

• The driveshaft is a component which provides a smooth, uninterrupted flow

A SMOOTH, UNINTERRUPTED FLOW OF

Some of the forms of driveshaft failures are

iii) dented tube

iv) broken weld

v) broken weld yoke

vi) damaged end yoke

vii) broken U-joint

viii) broken stud.

The main focus of the present study is to apply the finite

Bending stress components:

- M.V.V.Murthy et al developed curvature parameter β

2. Analytical- numerical procedure for analysis of cylindrical shell with arbitrarily

- H.V. Lakshminarayana et al., developed SIF solutions

- Evaluation of SIF over a wide range of β

- Shivashankar R. Srivatsa et al., developed SIF solutions for complex

- Special purpose post processing sub program 3MBSIF

Fig 3: QUAD 8 Fig 4: TRIA 6

 Computes crack tip Stress Intensity Factors.

 Normalized mode I and mode II membrane & bending SIF

 Can be used with any of the general purpose FEA

Material properties Geometric details Applied load

Young’s modulus R = 1000mm P =1N (Axial Tension)

Material properties Geometric details Applied load

Young’s modulus R = 45mm P =1N (Axial Tension)

Number of Singular elements around crack tip: 32

2 KIM plane strain

Normalised Mode I Membrane SIF

KIB plane strain

Normalised Mode I Bending SIF

KIB plane strain

Normalised mode II membrane SIF

• The crack lengths are obtained by varying the curvature

• The curvature parameter is defined as

KIIM plane strain

Curvature parameter (β)

0.04 KIM plane strain

Normlise modeII membrane SIF

Curvature parameter (β)

Tensile Bending Torsion Torsion

0.2 0.0284 0.00457 0.02 0.03

0.4 0.03652 0.00464 0.04 0.04

0.6 0.04326 0.00447 0.05684 0.10873

0.8 0.08991 0.003 0.06759 0.56183

1 0.05835 0.00719 0.07853 0.482

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