TAYLOR SERIES

The Taylor Series, or Polynomial is a

representation of a function as an infinite
sum of terms calculated from the values
of its derivatives at a single point.
A Maclaurin Polynomial is a special case
of the Taylor Polynomial that uses zero as
our single point.
 TAYLOR SERIES
∞

f(x)=∑ Cn (x-a)ᶯ
n=0

where,
a=center
Cn = fᶯ (c)
n!
Thus,
∞

Formula f(x)=∑ fᶯ (c) (x-a)ᶯ

n=0 n!
 TAYLOR SERIES
Example 1: Find a Taylor Series for the function
f(x)=ln(x) centered at c=1.
f(x)=ln(x), f(1)=ln(1)=0 f”’(x)=2/x³, f”’(1)=2
f’(x)=1/x, f’(1)=1/1=1 f⁴(x)=-6/x⁴, f⁴(1)=-6
f”(x)=-1/x², f”(1)=-1/1²=1
f(x)=f(c) + f’(c)(x-c)¹ + f”(c)(x-c)² + f”’(c)(x-c)³+. . .
1! 2! 3!
ln(x)=0 + 1(x-1)¹ - 1(x-1)² + 2(x-1)³ - 6(x-1)⁴ +. . .
1! 2! 3! 4!
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Continuation…..
ln(x)=(x-1)¹ - (x-1)² + (x-1)³ - (x-1)⁴ + . . .
1 2 3 4
∞
ln(x) = Σ (-1)ᶯ (x-1)ᵑ⁺¹ answer…
n=0 n+1

- - - - - - - - - - - END - - - - - - - - - -
 TAYLOR SERIES
Example 2:Find the Taylor Series for the function
f(x)=eᵡ centered at c=3.
f(x)=eᵡ, f’(x)=eᵡ, f”(x)=eᵡ, f”’(x)=eᵡ, f⁴(x)=eᵡ
f(3)=e³, f’(3)=e³, f”(3)=e³, f”’(3)=e³, f⁴(3)=e³
f(x)=f(c)+f’(c)(x-c)¹+f”(c)(x-c)²+f”’(c)(x-c)³+ . . .
1! 2! 3!
eᵡ = e³ + e³(x-3)¹ + e³(x-3)² + e³(x-3)³ +. . .
1! 2! 3!
∞

eᵡ=∑ e³ (x-3)ᶯ
n=0 n! Answer…
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Example 3: Find the Maclaurin series for the
function f(x) = sin(x). In Maclaurin Series, c=0.
f(x) = sin x f(0) = 0
f’(x) = cos x = f⁵ f’(0) = 1 = f⁵
f”(x) = -sin x = f⁶ f”(0) = 0 = f⁶
f”’(x) = -cos x = f⁷ f”’(0) = -1= f⁷
f⁴(x) = sin x = f⁸ f⁴(0) = 0 = f⁸
f(x)=f(0) + f’(0)(x-0)¹ + f”(0)(x-0)² + f”’(x-0)³ + . . .
1! 2! 3!
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Continuation:
f(x)=0 + 1x + 0 - x³ + 0 + x⁵ + 0 - x⁷ + 0 +. . .
3! 5! 7!
f(x) = x - x³ + x⁵ - x⁷ + . . . an = a₁ + (n-1)d
1! 3! 5! 7! an = 3 + (n-1)2
an = 3 + 2n-2
∞ an = 2n+1
Sin x = ∑ x²ᶯ⁺¹ (-1)ᶯ 2 2 2 2
n=0 (2n+1)! ꓥ ꓥ ꓥ ꓥ Answer…. 1 3 5 7
9
n=0 n=1 n=2