NON-

MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE

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 NON-MENDELIAN PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE
• Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of inheritance in
which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws..
These laws describe the inheritance of traits linked to
single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus. In Mendelian
inheritance , each parent contributes one of two
possible alleles for a trait. If the genotypes of both parents in a
genetic cross are known, Mendel’s laws can be used to
determine the distribution of phenotypes expected for the
population of offspring. There are several situations in which the
proportions of phenotypes observed in the progeny do not
match the predicted values. Non-Mendelian Inheritance is
applicable in co-dominance and incomplete dominance.
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

• INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

• CODOMINANCE

• MULTIPLE ALLELES
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which one
allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other
allele.
• This results in a combined phenotype
• (expressed physical trait).
• Neither allele is dominant and heterozygous individuals have
an intermediate phenotype.
EXAMPLE:
• In Four O’ Clocks, if you cross a
red RR (which is always pure) with
a white WW (that is also always
pure) , you get a pink RW (which
is always hybrid /heterozygous)
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
RED PINK WHITE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• In incomplete dominance, neither allele
is dominant so there is a blending of
traits when two different alleles for the
same trait occur together.
• Colors blend together heterozygous
individuals = 3rd phenotype
EXAMPLE:
• In another flower, if red RR and
blue BB flowers are crossed, they
produce a 3rd purple RB flower.
What would be the genotype ratio
and phenotype ratio if you crossed
two purple flowers?
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• Cross of two purple flowers
• RB X RB R B
• Genotype ratio
RR RB
1RR : 2RB : 1BB R RED PURPLE

• Phenotype ratio
1red : 2 purple : 1 blue
RB BB
PURPLE BLUE
B
CODOMINANCE
• The condition in which both alleles in a
heterozygous organism are expressed.
• BOTH alleles contribute to the
phenotype.
• The two alleles don’t blend, but are
rather both present in the offspring.
EXAMPLE:

Black White Checkered

Black Chicken
B B
BW BW
White Chicken

W CHECKERED CHECKERED

BW BW
CHECKERED CHECKERED
W
 CODOMINANCE

• Codominant alleles have three phenotypes

• Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease the
heamoglobin of the red blood cells
• Haemoglobin is normally a ball-shaped molecule
• The sickle cell allele makes it form a long strands
• The red blood cell carrying these molecules
distorts into characteristic long shape © 2007
 BLOOD CELLS

Sickle cell anemia

http://www.netwellness.org/ency/
imagepages/1223.htm

Blood smear (normal)

http://137.222.110.150/calnet/cellbio/
cellbio.htm
 THE GENETICS OF SICKLE CELL
ANAEMIA

• The shape of the haemoglobin molecule is controlled by two alleles

• Normal Haemoglobin allele
• Sickle Cell Haemoglobin allele
• There are three phenotypes
• Normal
• Normal individuals have two normal haemoglobin alleles
• Sickle cell anaemia, a severe form where all the red blood cells are
affected.
• Sickle cell anaemia patients have two sickle cell alleles in their
genotype
• Sickle cell trait, a mild condition where 50% of the red blood cells are
affected.
 Symbols for codominant
alleles

• Both alleles are expressed in the

heterozygote both take a CAPITAL CASE
letter
• An index letter identifies the allele
Therefore:
• Normal haemoglobin allele is HbN
• Sickle cell allele is HbS
CODOMINANT GENOTYPES
Genotypes Phenotypes

HbNHbN Normal haemoglobin

HbNHbS Sickle cell trait

HbSHbS Sickle cell anaemia

MULTIPLE ALLELE
• “Multiple allele- When more than two different form of
given gene exist in a species they are called as multiple
allele”
• Normally individual has two alleles
• During his study on Genetic Mendel also assumed
only two alleles of one trait.
• There can be large number of possible allelic forms in
that same population. This situation is called as
multiple allelism
MULTIPLE ALLELES
• Multiple Alleles- Genes which have more than two
alleles.
• It is common for more than 2 alleles to control a trait
in a population
• Multiple alleles can only be studied in populations
since each individual only has 2 alleles for a trait.
• Examples: human blood types, fruit fly eye color, coat
color in rabbits: C, cch, ch, and c.
FEATURES OF MULTIPLE
ALLELES
• Multiple alleles always occupy the
same locus on the chromosome.
• Multiple alleles always influence the
same character.
• No crossing over among the member
alleles of the same multiple allelic
series.
EXAMPLES:

• Blood group (ABO) in human.

• Coat color in mice.
• Coat color in rabbit.
• Eye color in Drosophila.
BLOOD GROUP ( ABO ) IN
HUMAN
• Classical and most common example of multiple allele
is ABO blood group of human being
• Gene coding blood group has three alleles rather than
two.
• For the ABO gene, the three alleles are the IA, IB and i
alleles.
• We typically call these alleles "A," "B," and "O,"
• “letter "I,“ stands for "immunoglobin."
 BLOOD GROUP ( ABO ) IN
HUMAN

• The IA and IB show co-dominance - an

individual who is heterozygous for these
two alleles, the phenotypes of both alleles
are completely expressed, thus producing
blood type AB.
• The i allele (the "O" allele) is recessive to
both the IA and IB alleles (the "A" and "B"
alleles).
 BLOOD GROUP ( ABO ) IN
HUMAN
Sr.no Genotype Phenotype

1
IAIA or IAi
Type A

2 IBIB or IBi
Type B

3 IAIB
Type AB

4
ii Type O
 Coat color in Mice
• The coat or hair color in mice is determined by a single
gene with a series of alleles.
• Alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray, albino, and other
colors of hair.
• These alleles follow order of dominance like agouti > black
> albino.
• This means that agouti is dominant to black and albino;
black is dominant to albino.
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