Sex Determination &
Sex Linkage
Sex Determination
Mechanism
1. Sex Chromosome
Mechanism
a. Heterogametic Males, in humans and
all mammals the presence of Y
chromosomes shows maleness. While
females that have the same pair of
gamete (XX), the males produce two
gametes (XY).
b. Heterogametic Females, The
heterogametic females have ZW
instead of XX and for the males is ZZ.
E.g, chicken
2. Genic Balance
Y chromosome in male present fertility but
not determine their sex. Instead, the factors
for maleness residing in all the autosomes are
weighed against the factors for femaleness
residing on X chromosome
3. Haplodiploidy
Sex chromosome are not involved in this
mechanismof sex determination, it can be the
quality-quantity of food and other factors. e.g
bees
4. Single-Gene Factor
• Complementary Sex Factor, known to
produce male by homozygosity at
single-gene locus as well as by haploidy
Tisha Tabhita Siregar --BESP18
• The ‘Transformer’ Gene of Drosophila, a
recessive on chromosome 3 of Drosophila
when homozygous transform a diploid
female in to a sterile male.
• “Mating Type” in Microorganism, in
microorganism is under control of single
gene. Haploid individuals have the same
alleles of the “mating-type” locus usually
cannot fuse with each other to form a zygote
but haploid cells of opposite alletic at this
locus may fuse.
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Sex linkage describes the sex-specific patterns of
inheritance and presentation when a gene
mutation (allele) is present on a sex chromosome
(allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome
(autosome)
Sex Influenced Traits
The genes governing ex-influenced traits may
reside on any of the autosomes or on the
homologous portions of the sex chromosomes..
E.g, Man & Woman baldness
Sex Limited Traits
Some autosomal genes may only come to
expression in one of the sexes either because of
differences in the internal hormonal environment
or because of anatomical dissimilarities. When
the penetrance of a gene in one sex is zero, the
trait will be sex-limited
Sex Reversal
Female chickens (ZW) that have laid eggs have
been known to undergo not only a reversal of the
secondary sexual characteristics such as
development of cock-feathering, spurs, and
crowing, but also the development of testes