Using Second derivatives

Stationary Points
• Differentiation
• Stationary points
• Second derivatives
• Using Second derivatives
 Differentiation

 
 Differentiation
     Multiply by the power
and reduce it by 1
  Think of it as 2 terms
multiplied together
 
Rewrite the second
 
Group together
 
If

Then
 Differentiation
    
Differentiate

 
This of it as 2 terms
multiplied together
 
Rewrite the
second term
 
If
Group together

Then  
 Differentiation
You can differentiate a function  
with several terms by
differentiating each term
separately.
y  x2  6 x  4
Differentiate
If you have several terms, each term
differentiate them all separately. separately.
dy 2x  6 A number on
 You should do any re-writing you  its own
need to before differentiating dx disappears
anything…
 Differentiation
 
You can differentiate a function
with several terms by
differentiating each term
separately.
 
This can be written as 2 separate
If you have several terms, fractions with the same denominator
differentiate them all separately.  
Rewrite for differentiation
 You should do any re-writing you
need to before differentiating   Differentiate to find
anything… the gradient function
     
Sub in x = 2

¿ −(2)− 2+ 4 (2)− 3
Calculate
 
 Stationary Points

So, for a max the gradients are

On the left of 0 At the max

the max   On the right of

the max

The opposite is true for a minimum

 
0
Calculating the gradients on the left and right of a
stationary point tells us whether the point is a max or a
min.
 Stationary Points
Second Derivatives
You can find the rate of change
of the gradient function by Examples
differentiating a second time. dy d2y
Find and of the following:
dx dx 2

f ( x) or Original Equation a) y  3x 5 
4
x2

4
dy Differentiate 𝑦 =3 𝑥5 +
f '( x ) or once (first order
𝑥
2
Rewrite in the
dx derivative) form axn
𝑦 =3 𝑥5 + 4 𝑥 −2
Differentiate
𝑑𝑦 4 −3
=15 𝑥 − 8 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
f ''( x) or d y Differentiate Differentiate
2
twice (second 𝑑 𝑦 again
dx 2 order derivative) 2
3
=60 𝑥 +24 𝑥
−4

𝑑𝑥
 Differentiation
You can find the rate of change
of the gradient function by Examples
differentiating a second time.
 
1
f ( x)   Original Equation 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=3 √ 𝑥 +
2𝑥
1
f ( x)  3 x 
2x Rewrite in the
dy Differentiate
f '( x ) or once (first order
1
1 form axn
dx f ( x )  3 x 2  x 1
derivative) 2 Differentiate
1
3  1
f '( x)  x 2  x 2
2 2
Differentiate
2
f ''( x) or d y again
3
Differentiate 3 
f ''( x)   x 2  x 3
twice (second
dx 2 order derivative)
4
 Stationary Points
Another method for determining the nature of a
stationary point.
e.g.3 Consider
y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  10
The gradient function
is given by
dy
 3x2  6x  9 dy
dx dx

At the max of y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  10 the gradient is 0

but the gradient of the gradient is negative.
 Stationary Points
Another method for determining the nature of a
stationary point.
e.g.3 Consider
y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  10
The gradient function
is given by
dy
 3x2  6x  9 dy

dx dx

At the min of
y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  10
the gradient of the
gradient is positive.
 Stationary Points
e.g.3 ( continued ) Find the stationary points on the
curve y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  10 and distinguish between
the max and the min.
3 2
Solution: y  x  3 x  9 x  10
2
dy 2 d y
  3 x  6 x  9   6x  6
dx dx 2

dy
Stationary points:  0  3x2  6x  9  0
dx
 3( x 2  2 x  3 )  0
 3( x  3 )( x  1)  0
 x  3 or x  1
We now need to find the y-coordinates of the st. pts.
 Stationary Points

y  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  10
x  3  y  (  3 ) 3  3(  3 ) 2  9(  3 )  10  37
x  1  y  1  3  9  10  5
To distinguish between max and min we use the 2nd
derivative, at the stationary points.
d2y
2
 6x  6
2 dx
d y
At x  3 , 2
 6(  3 )  6   12  0  max at ( 3, 37 )
dx
d2y
At x  1 , 2
 6  6  12  0  min at (1, 5 )
dx
 Differentiation
Stationary Points

You can determine the nature of Example Question 1

stationary points by considering
gradients.
To find the coordinates of these
points, you need to:
1) Differentiate f(x) to get the
Find the stationary points on the curve:
y = 2x3 – 15x2 + 24x + 6, and state whether they
are minima, maxima or points of inflexion
y  2 x3  15 x 2  24 x  6
Differentiate
f '( x)  6 x  30x  24
2

Gradient Function Set equal to 0

2
6 x  30 x  24  0
Factorise
2) Solve f’(x) by setting it equal to 0 2
6( x  5 x  4)  0
(as this represents the gradient being Factorise again
0) 6( x  4)( x  1)  0
Write the
3) Substitute the value(s) of x into the
x  4 OR x  1 solutions
original equation to find the
corresponding y-coordinate Substituting into the original formula will give
the following coordinates as stationary points:
(1, 17) and (4, -10)
 Differentiation
Stationary Points
You can determine the nature of
stationary points by considering
gradients.
To find the coordinates of these
points, you need to:
1) Differentiate f(x) to get the
Gradient Function
2) Solve f’(x) by setting it equal to 0
(as this represents the gradient being
0)
3) Substitute the value(s) of x into the
original equation to find the
corresponding y-coordinate
Stationary points at:
Example Question (1, 17) and (4, -10)
Find the stationary points on the curve:
y = 2x3 – 15x2 + 24x + 6, and state whether they
are minima, maxima or points of inflexion
y  2 x3  15 x 2  24 x  6
f '( x)  6 x 2  30x  24 Differentiate
again
f ''( x)  12 x  30
Sub in x = 1 Sub in x = 4
f ''( x)  12 x  30 f ''( x)  12 x  30
f ''(1)  12(1)  30 f ''(4)  12(4)  30
f ''(1)  18 f ''(4)  18
So (1,17) is So (4,-10) is
a Maximum a Minimum
Example Question 2
Stationary Points
For
a. Find and find the values of x when
b. Find the value of at each stationary point and hence determine its nature
c. Find the value of y at each of the stationary points
d. Sketch the curve

Solution

So
b.
When
When
Example Question 2
Stationary Points
For
a. Find and find the values of x when
b. Find the value of at each stationary point and hence determine its nature
c. Find the value of y at each of the stationary points
d. Sketch the curve

Solution (-1;11)
c. When

When (0,4)

d. The curve has a maximum turning point

at (-1;11) and a minimum turning point at
(2;16).
When x=0, y=4, so the curve crosses the
y-axis at (0,4).

(2;16)
 Stationary Points
SUMMARY

finding the value of the 2nd derivative at the

stationary points

d2y d2y
2
 0  max 2
 0  min
dx dx
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