Science 8 - Lecture Material - Cell Cycle (2022-2023)

Quiz: Parts of a fault
1. footwall
2. hanging wall
Write FW if the “X” is located
on a footwall, and HW if on a
Hanging wall.
Write FW if the “X” is located
on a footwall, and HW if on a
Hanging wall.
FW or HW:
1.)
x
FW or HW:
2.)
x
FW or HW:
3.)
x
FW or HW:
4.)
x
FW or HW:
5.)
x
Quiz: Types of Fault
(w/ FW and HW)
1. What are the different
types of faults according
to the location of FW and
HW?
2. What forces result to each
type of fault?
The
GUESSING
GAME
LET’S GET STARTED
Q1. What is the name of the major fault in the video?
Q2. List at least five places affected by the said fault?
Play
Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7wpQx3bYX4

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
WHAT’S IN A FAULT?
Illustration 1
 Describe the picture.
 Is it related to the video shown earlier?
AN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO
Play
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
PICTURE 2:
Diagram of the Main Features of an Earthquake
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Compare the picture of the
broken windshield with the
diagram of the main features of
an earthquake.
2. Identify the parts shown in the
diagram.
3. What can you see in the two
illustrations?
4. Can you identify from the
illustrations the main features
of an earthquake?
FOCUS AND EPICENTER
The focus is the point within The epicenter is a
the earth where seismic location on the
waves originate. earth's surface
It is the part of the fault that directly above the
has the greatest movement. focus.
The fault plane is

the flat surface
along which there
is slip (fault) during
an earthquake.
EARTHQUAKE
Earthquake is the
sudden shaking of
the Earth that
occurs when
energy is released
when the
lithosphere or
tectonic plates
move (along
faults).
ACTIVE and INACTIVE FAULTS
Earthquake faults are caused by the movement of Earth's lithospheric

plate. Active faults have the ability to generate earthquakes while
inactive faults can no longer produce earthquakes.
Footwall vs Hanging Wall
FW or HW:
1.)
x
FW or HW:
2.)
x
FW or HW:
3.)
x
FW or HW:
4.)
x
FW or HW:
5.)
x
Types of a fault
PHIVOLCS EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALE (PEIS)
1. Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) gives the
qualitative description of how strong the earthquake is.
2. The MAGNITUDE is a quantitative measure of its strength
in terms of the energy released.
The INTENSITY of an earthquake is measured in terms of
damage caused by it at a particular location
3. Magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of its size,
while intensity is an indicator of the severity of the
damage at a certain area or location caused by it.
4. Intensity decreases with epicenter. (the farther the
epicenter from the area, the less intense and less strong
the earthquake is)
A seismometer detects the vibrations caused by

an earthquake which are plotted by a
seismograph.
The strength, or
magnitude, of an
earthquake is
measured using
the Richter scale.
The Richter scale is
numbered 0-10.
Seismograph
- an instrument used to
measure the direction,
energy, and duration of
earthquakes.
Seismograph
How STRONG is the
EARTHQUAKE?
MERCALLI vs RICHTER
Mercalli Scale Richter Scale
Measures The effects caused by The energy released by the
earthquake earthquake
Measuring Tool Observation Seismograph
Quantified from observation Base-10 logarithmic scale
Calculation of effect on earth’s surface, obtained by calculating
human, objects and man- logarithm of the amplitude of
made structures waves.
From 2.0 to 10.0+ (never

I (not felt) to XII (total recorded). A 3.0 earthquake is
Scale
destruction) 10 times stronger than a 2.0
earthquake.
Varies at different distances

Consistency Varies depending on distance from the epicenter, but one
from epicenter value is given for the earthquake
as a whole.
Magnitude
- is the (quantitative)
measure of the
earthquake in terms of
energy released
Intensity
- can be measured by
the amount of damage
the earthquake caused
 Perceptible to people only under

favorable circumstances
 Delicately balanced objects are disturbed
slightly
 Still water in containers oscillate slowly
 Felt by few individuals at rest

indoors
 Hanging objects swing slightly
 Still water in containers
oscillates noticeably
 Felt by many people indoors especially in upper

floors of buildings
 Vibration is felt like the passing of a light truck
 Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some
people
 Hanging objects swing moderately
 Still water in containers oscillate moderately
 Felt generally by people indoors and by some people outdoors
 Light sleepers are awakened
 Vibration is felt like the passing of a heavy truck
 Hanging objects swing considerably
 Dinner plates, glasses, windows, and doors rattle
 Floors and walls of wood-framed

buildings creak
 Standing motor cars may rock slightly
 Liquids in containers are slightly
disturbed
 Water in containers oscillate strongly
 Rumbling sound may sometimes be
heard
 Generally felt by most people indoors

and outdoors
 Many sleeping people are awakened
 Some are frightened/ Some run
outdoors
 Strong shaking and rocking felt
throughout any building
 Hanging objects swing violently
 Dining utensils clatter and clink / Some
are broken
 Small, light, unstable objects may fall

or overturn
 Liquid spills from filled open
containers
 Standing vehicles rock noticeably
 Shaking of leaves and twigs are
noticeable
 Many people are frightened / Many run outdoors

 Some people lose their balance
 Motorists feel like driving with flat tires
 Heavy objects or furniture move or may be shifted
 Small church bells may ring
 Wall plaster may crack

 Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures are
slightly damaged although well-built structures are not
affected
 Limited rockfalls and rolling boulders occur in hilly to
mountainous areas and escarpments
 Trees are noticeably shaken
 Most people are frightened and run outdoors

 People find it difficult to stand in upper floors
 Heavy objects and furniture overturn and topple
 Big church bells may ring
 Old or poorly built structures suffer considerable damage
 Some well-built structures are slightly damaged
 Some cracks may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface or concrete
hollow block walls
 Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are observed
 Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand lose strength
during an earthquake and behave like liquid
 Trees are shaken strongly
 People panic
 People find it difficult to stand even outdoors
 Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged
 Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground
settling or toppling
 Railway tracks are bent or broken
 Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or overturned
 Utility posts, towers, and monuments may tilt or topple
 Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken
 Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-made structures to sink,
tilt or topple
 Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur in mountainous and hilly areas
 Boulders are thrown out from their positions particularly near the
epicenter
 Fissures and faults rupture
 People are forcibly thrown to the ground

 Many cry and shake with fear
 Most buildings are totally damaged
 Bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled and destroyed
 Numerous utility posts, towers, and monument are tilted, toppled or
broken
 Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken
 Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreadings and sandboils
are widespread
 The ground is distorted into undulations
 Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken
 Boulders are commonly thrown out
 River water splashes violently on slops over dikes and banks
 Practically all man-made structures are

destroyed
 Massive landslides and liquefaction
 Large-scale subsidence and uplift of land forms
 Many ground fissures are observed
 Changes in river courses and destructive seiches
in large lakes occur
 Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted
TSUNAMI
EARTH’S INTERIOR
Explain how earthquake waves provide information
about the interior of the Earth.
EARTH’S INTERIOR
Body waves Surface Waves
 Primary waves (P – waves)  Love waves
 Secondary waves (S – waves)  Rayleigh waves
P - Waves
S - Waves
L - Waves
R - Waves
R - Waves
Types of SEISMIC WAVES
P- waves
S - waves L - waves R - waves
Characteristics of SEISMIC WAVES
o Primary or P-waves pass
through liquid and solid
o Secondary or S-waves
pass only through solid
and not through liquid.
P-waves travel faster than S-waves.

The time gap in the arrival of P-wave and S-wave
can give the estimate of the distance to the
earthquake.

Science 8 - Lecture Material - Cell Cycle (2022-2023)

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Quiz: Parts of a fault

Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7wpQx3bYX4

The fault plane is

Earthquake faults are caused by the movement of Earth's lithospheric

A seismometer detects the vibrations caused by

From 2.0 to 10.0+ (never

Varies at different distances

 Perceptible to people only under

 Felt by few individuals at rest

 Felt by many people indoors especially in upper

 Floors and walls of wood-framed

 Generally felt by most people indoors

 Small, light, unstable objects may fall

 Many people are frightened / Many run outdoors

 Wall plaster may crack

 Most people are frightened and run outdoors

 People are forcibly thrown to the ground

 Practically all man-made structures are

S - waves L - waves R - waves

P-waves travel faster than S-waves.

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