RESISTIVITY LOGGING

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 CONTENTS

Introduction
Purpose of using
Principle of Resistivity Measurement
Different types of Resistivity Tools
Some Advanced Tools with respect to its application
Conclusions

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INTRODUCTION

• On September 5, 1927, a crew working for Schlumberger lowered an

electric sonde or tool down a well in Pechelbronn, Alsace, France
creating the first well log. In modern terms, the first log was a
resistivity log that could be described as 3.5-meter upside-down
lateral log.
• This Log works by characterizing the rock or sediment in a borehole
by measuring its electrical resistivity. Resistivity is a fundamental
material property which represents how strongly a material opposes
the flow of electric current.

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PURPOSE OF USING

• Most rock materials are essentially insulators, while their enclosed

fluids are conductors. Therefore resistivity logs mainly depend on
fluid present in the formation.
• A resistivity measurement is the primary method of differentiating
hydrocarbon bearing formations from water bearing formations.
• The Resistivity log is a measurement of the formation resistivity, that
is the resistance to the passage of electric current.

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PRINCIPLE OF RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENT

• Determination of the true formation resistivity, Rt (Resistivity of the

undisturbed formation) is required in order to quantitatively
evaluate formation of interest.

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 • Mud Invasion :

Fig. Horizontal section thorough

Fig. Typical subsurface conditions encountered in logging a permeable water bearing bed
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 Where,

Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake.

Rm = Resistivity of mud.

Rxo = Resistivity of flushed zone.

Ri = Resistivity of the zone partly

filled with formation water and
partly with mud filtrate invaded
zone)

Rt = True resistivity of the

formation.

Di = Mean diameter of the

invaded zone.

d = Diameter of the bore hole.

 
Fig. Distribution of resistivites around the borehole in a water
saturated interval formation bed
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• Current flow in un-invaded zone:

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTIVITY TOOLS

• Large Spacing resistivity tools/sondes

 Non- Focused resistivity/ Conventional resistivity measurements (i)

Normal resistivity tool / sonde
(ii) Lateral resistivity tool / sonde

 Focused resistivity measurements

(i) Latero logs
(ii) Dual Latero logs
(iii) Spherically focussed logs

 Induction logging tool

(i) Dual Induction Laterolog 8 (DIL)

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Non- Focused resistivity/ Conventional resistivity measurements :

Normal
Device

Lateral
Device

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Focused resistivity measurements :

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Induction logging tool :

Principle

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• Formation Loop

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• Measuring Induced Current

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Fig: Illustration of Current
Generator and Measuring
Circuit

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• Induced Current Loops around borehole

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• Dual Induction LateroLog 8(DIL)

The DIL system consists of :

• An induction sonde with deep investigation (ILd),

• An induction sonde with medium range of investigation (ILm),

• A Laterolog 8,

• SP electrode

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• Small Spacing / Pad type tools / Microresistivity tool
(i) Microlog (iii) Proximity log
(ii) Microlaterolog (iv) Micro SFL

(iv) Microspherical focused log

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• Microresistivity tool principle

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• Factors affecting Microresistivity tool

Effect of hole
condition on
microresistivity log
record:

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• Other Factors
Microresistivity measurements are also very much affected by:
The thickness of the mud cake.
The diameter of the invaded zone.

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• Effect of mud cake thickness and invasion zone thickness on
investigation

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Log Mud cake Mud cake dia of invasion Bore hole Effect
type thickness
ML Shallow <12 mm >100mm Depends on hole
conditions

MLL Very shallow < 9.5 mm >=38 cm. Highly affected

by
borehole rugosity

PL Relatively large <=25.4 mm >=101 cm. Behaves very

well in
irregular or
rugose
holes.

MSFL Moderate <= 19 mm >=38 cm. This tool

depends on hole
conditions.

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 SOME ADVANCED RESISTIVITY TOOLS

• Some of the following tools are now used for resistivity

measurements with new advantages :

1. Geosteering Resistivity Tool

2. 3D Electromagnetic Resistivity Tool

3. Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool

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1. Geosteering Resistivity Tool :-
Geosteering in a reservoir to be following the “sweet-spot” of
maximum hydrocarbon saturation, rather than just following a
given rock type.

• Most MWD Resistivity tools are of the high-frequency “Wave-

Propagation” type, and can accurately measure the average rock-
formation resistivity.

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• Unique Directional Resistivity measurements enable better
Geosteering

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• Applications :-

Advanced Cost-Effective Design

Logging While Drilling
Detection Distance to an Approaching Bed Boundary

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2. 3D Electromagnetic Resistivity Tool :-

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• Advantage of Lower Frequency Data

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• Vertical Resolution

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• Applications :-

Anisotropy

Azimuthal Gamma Ray

AGR sensor provides a 60% increase in count rate.

Bed Boundary Effects

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3. Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Tool :-

 The CHFR tool introduces current that travels up and down the
casing ,before returning to the surface electrode.

Electrodes on the tool measures the voltage difference created by

this leaked current and that difference is proportional to the
Formation conductivity.

The typical formation resistivity is a billion times that of steel casing.

The voltage investigated are in Nano volts. This requires exceptionally
Stable and low noise electronics down hole.

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• Applications :-

Measure deep formation resistivity behind steel casing to detect and

evaluate bypassed hydrocarbons .

Improved saturation determination behind casing.
Logging where open-hole conditions were unstable.

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 CONCLUSIONS

• The Resistivity Tool plays a vital role in giving information

about the formation since earlier days.
• Now a days with advanced tools it solves a problem that it
faces from earlier times and it now also helps in drilling
operations.

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THANK YOU

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