Fuse:

Types:
1- Cartridge Fuses:
Disadvantage:
No different between overload at long time and
overload short time
High – rupturing capacity (H.R.C)
Advantage :
It capable of clearing high at low fault current
It not damage withage
It has high speed of operation
It carry high short circuit
No maintenance

Disadvantage:
It has to be replaced after each operation
Heat repaced by arc affect on switches
Specification of circuit breaker :
•Rated Current, I rated (Amp)
•Short Circuit Capacity , SCC (KA)

1- I rated (Amp) :
Standard values :
6, 10, 15,16, 20, 25, 32, 40,50, 63,100, 125,150,163,
200, 225, 250, 300, 400, 500,
630, 800,1000, 1200,1500,1750,2000,2200,
2500,3000,3200,4000, 5000, 6300

2- SCC (KA):
Standard values :
100 & 80 & 75 & 50 & 35 & 22 &15 & 10 & 6 & 3
Types of CBs :

CBs used in medium voltage are called:

(Power Circuit Breakers) where used for
transformers and medium voltage panels
protection and Rated Current about
between 600 to 4000 Amp
CBs used in Low voltage are relay and CB
in the same time :
1- Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
2- Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
3- Ground Fault Circuit Breaker (GFCB)
 the different between three CBs:

1- MCB carry short circuit current about 10KA

2- MCCB carry short circuit current about 100KA
3- GFCB used for protection against Electrical shocks
1- MCB :
The relation between I rated and Trip time:
 C- Type and D-Type used in motors
B- Type used in lightening and heating

 in some application used fuse and not used CB:

The relation between I rated and Trip time in (CB,
fuse ):
CB (32A) and fuse (30A)
 what is meaning : CB (10KA ,25A )
Price of CB depended on :
1-Rated current
2- short circuit current
Example :
CB (100A ,10KA) and CB (100A ,100KA)
2- MCCB:
It used for main feeding circuits
It is larger than of MCB
It can adjust the relation between fault current and
trip time
It can change ( Ithermal ,T ,)
 widely range between column 1 and column 2 show
setting easily
 column 3 show Earth Faults
The curve shows the relation between current and trip
time and consist of :
1- ( Long Delay Time) (LD)
- Disconnect low current faults
2- (Short Delay Time) (SD)
- Disconnect dangerous faults in (ms)
Adjust Long Delay Time:
1- Pick up current
2- Trip time
For Pick up current:
( 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1, 1.25 A)
- CB (600A) can operate 300A And 750A
- For LD time :
( 4, 12 ,20, 28,36 sec )
- Setting time = 6* CB Rated value
 CB (600A, 4 sec ) means :
 CB will disconnect after flow current 3600A after 4 sec
Black circuit show max value and min value

Adjust (Short Delay Time, SDT):

-For Pick up current:
(4, 6, 8,10) of rated current CB
- For SDT time :
(0.18, 0.33 ,0.5 sec )

CB disconnect after 2.5 * rated current in adjustable time

example :
CB ( 600 A , 0.33 s ) means :
CB will disconnect after flow current 9000A
(2.5*6*600 ) after 0.33 s
3- GFCB :
Used for protection of leakage current to
earth
Characterization of GFCB :
1- Leakage current :
(5mA , 30mA ,300mA) :
- 5mA used in high specification
- 30mA used in the houses
- 300mA used in devices effect moisture
(Air Conditioner (
2- Rated Current:
(32 ,40 ,63, 100 A)
 Test circuit breaker :
-Push Button in series with high resistance
CB (63A, 0.03A)
 Comparison between CB and Fuse

Particular Fuse CB
NO

1 function Detection and interruption

interruption
2 operation Inherently Require
completely equipment (relay )
automatic
3 Break small Very large
capacity
4 Operation Very small (.002 Large(.1 to .2 sec)
CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHES:
Switches may be classified in several different ways:
1. According to Number of Poles
Single Pole
Double pole
• Triple
2. According to Type of Contact
Knife blade
 Butt contact
3. According to Number of Breaks
 Single break.
 Double break
4. According to Method of Operation
 Manual force
 Motor or solenoid
5. According to Type of Services:
• Power switches
• Disconnects
• Earth switches
DISCONNECTING SWITCHES:

 DOUBLE END BREAK DISCONNECT

VERTICAL BREAK SWITCHES:
HORIZONTAL BREAK DISCONNECTING
SWITCHES:
EARTHING SWITCH:
 Circuit breaker
Electric power for (ARC) (kJole) =
MVA (C.B)*Arc time * .1
Example:
Short circuit capacity=500MVA , Arc time =.04 sec
500 x 0.04 x 0.1 = 2000 k Joule
 the opening in the Circuit breakers :
Types of Mechanism in Circuit breaker:

Spring Operated C.B

Pneumatic C.B
Hydraulic C.B
 Classification of Circuit
Breakers

Circuit Breakers

1. Based on 4. Based on
2. Based on 3. Based on
Voltage Interrupting
Location External
•Low Media
•Indoor Design
•Medium •Air Blast
•Outdoor •Dead Tank
•High/Extra •Oil
•Live Tank
High •SF6
•Ultra High •Vacuum
 1. Based on Voltage
On the basis of the voltage levels for which they
are used, the circuit breakers are classified as:

Category Range of Voltage

Low voltage Less than 1 kV
Medium voltage 1 kV to 52 kV
High/Extra High 66 kV to 765 kV
voltage
Ultra High voltage Above 765 kV
 2. Based on Location

Circuit breakers are, based upon where they

are located, classified as:

Indoor type
Outdoor type
 3. Based on External Design

From the point of view of their physical

structural design, outdoor circuit breakers
can be identified as either:
dead tank type
live tank type
 4. Based on Interrupting
Media
The circuit breakers may be classified into
following categories:
Oil Circuit Breakers
Air-blast Circuit Breakers
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit
Breakers
Vacuum Circuit Breakers
 1. Oil Circuit Breakers

The circuit breakers in which some insulating oil (i.e.,

transformer oil) is used as an arc quenching medium.
 Arc Extinction in OCBs

The arc extinction is facilitated mainly

by two processes:
 Cont… Arc Extinction in
OCBs

Firstly, the hydrogen gas has high heat

conductivity and cools the arc, thus
aiding the de-ionization of the medium
between the contacts.
 Cont… Arc Extinction in
OCBs

Secondly, the gas sets up turbulence in the

oil and forces it into the space between
contacts, thus eliminating the arcing
products from the arc path. This results in
extinguishing the arc and as a result the
circuit current is interrupted.
 Advantages
The oil provides insulation for the live
exposed contacts .
The hydrogen produced during arcing has
excellent cooling properties and helps
extinguish the arc.
The oil close to the arc region provides
cooling surface.
 Disadvantages
Oil is inflammable and may cause fire
hazards.
The hydrogen, when combined with air,
may form an explosive mixture.
During arcing, oil becomes polluted by
carbon particles, which reduces its dielectric
strength. Hence, it requires periodic
maintenance and replacement.
Types of Oil Circuit Breakers

They can be classified with the

reference to the quantity of oil used.
Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers
Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers

These circuit breakers use a large

quantity of oil.
Cont… Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers

The oil has to serve two purposes:

It extinguishes the arc during opening
of contacts.
It insulates the current conducting
parts from one another and from the
earthed tank.
 Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
These circuit breakers use a small
quantity of oil.
In such circuit breakers, oil is used
only for arc extinction; the current
conducting parts insulated by air or
porcelain or organic insulating
material.
 2. Air-Blast Circuit Breakers

These circuit breakers employ a high

pressure air-blast as an
The contacts are opened in a flow of
air-blast established by the opening of
the blast valve. arc quenching medium.
 Arc Extiction

The air-blast cools the arc and sweeps

away the arcing products of the
atmosphere. Consequently, the arc is
extinguished and flow of current is
interrupted.
Air-Blast Circuit Breaker
 Uses of ABCBs

This type of circuit breaker has been

used earlier for open terminal HV
applications, for voltages of 245 kV,
and 400 kV up to 765 kV, especially
where faster breaker operation was
required.
 Advantages
The risk of fire is eliminated.
The arcing products are completely removed by the blast,
so the expenditure of oil replacement is avoided.
The size of these breakers is reduced.
Due to the rapid growth of the dielectric strength, the
arcing time is also very small. It causes less burning of oil.
The arc energy is also very small fraction of that in oil
circuit breakers.
The arc extinction is facilitate by the high pressure air, and
is independent of the fault current to be interrupted.
 Disadvantages

These circuit breakers are very sensitive to

the variation s in the rate of rise of restriking
voltage.
The air-blast is supplied by the compressor
plant that needs considerable maintenance.
3. Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Circuit Breakers
In these circuit breakers, Sulpher hexafluoride
gas (SF6) is used as the arc quenching
medium.
The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a
strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds up enough insulation strength
to extinguish the arc.
 Uses of SF6 CBs
These circuit breakers are available for
complete range of medium voltage and
high voltage application up to 800 kV
and above.
This medium is most suitable for
metal-clad and hybrid HV sub-stations.
 Advantages
Due to the low energy the contact erosion is small.
The gaseous medium SF possesses excellent dielectric
6
and arc quenching properties.
Due to the superior arc quenching property of the SF6
gas, such circuit breakers have very short arcing time.
Furthermore, they can interrupt much larger current.
These breakers give noiseless operation due to its
closed gas circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere unlike
the air-blast circuit breaker.
The SF6 gas is not inflammable, so there is no risk of
fire and explosion in SF6 breakers.
 Disadvantages
These circuit breakers are expensive due to
the high cost of SF6 gas.
Since SF6 gas has to be reconditioned after
every operation of the breaker, additional
equipment is required for this purpose.
The SF6 gas has been identified as a
greenhouse gas, so can be harmful for
population in its area of operation.
4. Vacuum Circuit Breakers

In these circuit breakers, the vacuum is

used as the arc quenching medium.
The degree of vacuum in these circuit
breakers is in the range from 10-7 to 10-5
torr.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 Advantages
The vacuum circuit breakers are compact in size and
have longer lives.
Because of the very low voltage across the metal vapor
arc, energy is very low.
There is no generation of gases during and after the
circuit breaker operation.
The outstanding feature of these breakers is that it can
break any heavy fault current perfectly just before the
contacts reach a definite open position.
They can successfully withstand lightning surges.
Specification of Circuit Breakers

Rated Voltage:

Rated Normal Current:

630 – 800 – 1000 – 1250 – 1600 – 2000 – 2500 – 3150 –
4000 A
Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current(Isc )

Ibreaking =10* Rated Normal Current

Components of C.B :
1-Anti Pumping Relay (KN): 2- Shunt Closing
(YF):
3- Shunt Opening(YO1 + YO2):
4- Under Voltage Release(YM):

5- Low Energy Release (MiTop)

General inspection on C.B
1- Ensure of the upper and down contacts for
good connection
2- Ensure of the opening and closing
mechanical for circuit breaker
3- inspection of Charging Limit Switch
4- easy in entire and outage the C.B
5-the heater in the cell is work
6- Ensure of the earthing
Operation Tests

inspection Mechanical Interlock

Electrical Interlock
 insulation test for C.B:
Contact Resistance for C.B

Use Micrometer device:

Measure each phase resistance only
Connection points Resistance for C.B at
voltage (11 kv) is 12 - 60 μΩ
For (33kv) is (25-100) μΩ
Failure Description Cause Detection Remedy

C.B not accept - Disconnecting in cell visual inspection- -Connect the cell
)control MCB ) - measure voltage on control (MCB)
for closing - No voltage on operating coil - revision cell
through start operating coil “AVO”
control
pushbutton - Damage in -visual inspection on
- change operating
operating coil operating coil
- Problem in plug - inspection the plug coil
- make the plug
C.B not accept -Disconnecting in cell visual inspection- Connect the cell
)control MCB ) visual inspection- control (MCB)
for tripping - Damage in tripping on tripping coil - Change tripping
through stop coil
coil
pushbutton

C.B incoming Damage in moving visual inspection- change the wheel-

the cell wheel for C.B and processing the
because the floor
(difficult) distribution floor bad
Failure Description Cause Detection Remedy

No voltage on - Protection fuses on visual inspection- - connect VT fuses

control circuit VT are
disconnecting
although
voltage on
cables
C.B -inrush current in Tr ensure of adjustable- -adjustable setting of
-Damage in cable setting of O.C relay O.C relay
disconnected -Ensure of cable - Change the cable
between(Tr and C.B
after the cell ) safety - adjustable setting
incoming - ensure of adjustable of (OV, UV) relay
-Over and under
the setting of (OV,
directly voltage operated UV)
C.B not -Spring not charged MCB for charge - Connect MCB -
acceptable - anti coil is damage motor is Clean or repair -
- the handle is not disconnected limit switch
connecting -Limit switch for - change operating
through correct option
charging is dust coil
pushbutton and - problem in - Grease the handle
Failure Description Cause Detection Remedy

C.B is Problem in revision setting Adjusted setting

operating adjusted relay values in relay values in relay
period then setting until proportional
disconnected with rated current
and CT values
Hearing high -Dust on insulator -Clean the
sound inside surface insulator surface
the cell - high moisture - Ensure of
inside the cell operate the heater

High Loose in Ensure of adjustable

connecting points the joints inside the
temperature cell
inside the cell on main Busbar
and sub Busbar
 Maintenance parts Inspection result Maintenance way

outside body for C.B - Dust in C.B Clean the dust by

blower
Connecting points -The bolts are not tighten -Good tighten
between C.B and - there oxidation - clean the oxidation
joints (copper-
cables )
C.B mechanism There resistance in cases - RepairC.B and clean
close and trip for C.B dust and grease the
mechanism
Main contact for C.B There dust Clean the contact

Outside body for spark Crack in champers Change champers

quench champers

Metallic parts for spark There dust Clean the dust by blower
quench champers