Illumination:

Introduction, requirement of illumination in

the different sections of textile industries,
effect of illumination on working efficiency.
 Illumination
• It is called as lighting.

• The illumination is the degree of visibility of the environment.

• It is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or

aesthetic effect.

• Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like

lamp and light, as well as natural illumination by capturing day
light.

• Day lighting is sometimes used as the main source of light

during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of
using artificial lighting.
 What is Light?
• To the optical engineer, light is simply a very
small part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
sandwiched between ultraviolet and infrared
radiation.

• The visible portion of the electromagnetic

spectrum extends from about 380 to about
780 nanometers (nm).
Luminaire:
A luminaire is a complete lighting unit, consisting of a
lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to
distribute the light, position and protect the lamps,
and connect the lamps to the power supply.

Lumen:
The lumen (lm) is the photometric equivalent of the
watt, weighted to match the eye response of the
“standard observer”. 1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm
wavelength.

Unit of luminous is lux. One lux is one lumen per

square meter.
 TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
1. Incandescent (GLS) Lamps

• The bulb contains a vacuum or gas filling.

• Gas filled lamps normally incorporate

fuses in the lead wires.

• A small break can cause an electrical

discharge, which can draw very high
currents.

• As filament fracture is the normal end of

lamp life it would not be convenient for
sub circuit fuses to fail.
 2. Tungsten--Halogen Lamps
• A halogen lamp is a type of incandescent lamp.

• It has a tungsten filament just like a regular incandescent that you may use
in your home, however the bulb is filled with halogen gas.

• Advantages : More compact , Longer life, More light , Whiter light (higher
color temp.)

• Disadvantages: Cost more, Increased IR, Increased UV , Handling problem

 3. Fluorescent Lamps
• Fluorescent Lamps are about 3 to 5 times as efficient as standard
incandescent lamps and can last about 10 to 20 times longer.

• Passing electricity through a gas or metallic vapour will cause

electromagnetic radiation at specific wavelength.
• The recent compact fluorescent lamps open up a whole new
market for fluorescent sources.

• These lamps permit design of much smaller luminaries, which

can compete with incandescent and mercury vapour in the
market of lighting fixtures having round or square shapes.
 Requirement of illumination
• Every task requires some lighting level on the surface of the body. Good
lighting is essential to perform visual tasks.

• Better lighting permits people to work with more productivity.

• Typical book reading can be done with 100 to 200 lux.

• The exact requirement is always considered based on the collection of

room data's.

• It can be calculated by the following formula. Through the room index

 Requirement of illuminations in the different
sections of textile mills
Process unit (lux)
Yarn manufacture  
1.Spinning, roving, winding, etc. 300-750
2.Healding (drawing in) 750-1000
Fabric production  
1.Knitting
300-750
2.Weaving
3.Mending 1000-2000
Fabric finishing  
1.Dyeing 200-500
2.Calendaring, chemical treatment, etc. 300-750
Inspection  
1.Grey cloth 750-1500
2.Final 1000-2000
 Effect of illumination
• It is important that an employer considers the working
conditions in which lighting is used.

• Conditions which create dusty, flammable or explosive

atmospheres may require a lighting design that protects
against dust ingress, is robustly constructed and does not
ignite.

• The luminous environment acts through a chain of

mechanisms on human physiological and psychological
factors, which further influence human performance and
productivity.

• Providing workers with sufficient light to perform visual

tasks improves their accuracy, thus increasing production
speed and reducing waste of materials and time.
 Why is good lighting at work important?

• Lighting at work is very important to the health and safety of

everyone using the workplace.

• The quicker and easier it is to see a hazard, the more easily it is

avoided.

• The types of hazard present at work therefore determine the

lighting requirements for safe operation.

• Poor lighting can not only affect the health of people at work
causing symptoms like eyestrain, migraine and headaches, but it is
also linked to Sick Building Syndrome in new and refurbished
buildings.

• Symptoms of this include headaches, lethargy, irritability and poor

concentration.
 Costs of poor lighting to business
• Business in the form of increased absenteeism;
• Poor lighting at work can represent a significant cost to time off
work as a result of accidents and injuries;
• reduced staff efficiency and productivity.

To ensure lighting is suitable and insufficient, several aspects of

lighting and the work place need to be considered. These include:

– lighting design;
– type of work;
– the work environment;
– health aspects;
– individual requirements;
– emergency lighting.
 There are several lighting hazards in the workplace which can affect
the health and safety of people.
Typical risks from lighting originate from:
– Lighting effects;
– Incorrect lighting design
– Improper lighting installation, maintenance, replacement and
disposal
– Improper selection of emergency lighting
Glare: occurs when one part of the visual field is much brighter than
the average brightness

Colour effects: under changing sky conditions, may appear to vary in

colour.

Stroboscopic effects: 28 Lamps that operate from an alternating

electrical supply may produce oscillations in light output.
Eye trouble in garment unit
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